Open wiring in a wooden house rules. Which wire is best for wiring in a wooden house - recommendations for choosing and advice

The 21st century is the century of synthetic materials. Most of the things around us, buildings, household items and even our food are artificially created substances that have many useful qualities, except for one. All of them are alien to the human body. You can’t talk about direct harm to a person, but it’s also not building to talk about significant benefits either.

In the process of evolution, the human body, as one of the most complex systems, was formed surrounded by natural materials. Therefore, he must live in the natural environment. No one, of course, calls to become like Robinson. But to create your own environmentally friendly corner in the form wooden house or cottages - the best way to organize your life in accordance with the requirements of the soul and body.

In this article, we will consider how it should be mounted in accordance with all norms and rules.

But designs wooden houses differ in one unpleasant property - they burn. Fires can start from an improperly built stove or chimney, but more often than not, they are caused by faulty electrical wiring. No matter how much a person wants to get closer to nature, without electricity in modern world cannot be dispensed with.

The times when it looked like a thick black wire wound around ceramic insulators driven into the wall are long gone. Modern wiring must meet certain technical parameters, at the same time be invisible and accessible for preventive, repair and measuring work.

Most often, in reports about fires in wooden houses, where property is destroyed, people are maimed and killed, it is written about the cause of the fire that it arose as a result of a short circuit. But it is very rarely mentioned that the cause of this notorious “short circuit” is other factors, among which the most common are illiterate wiring in wooden house, the desire to save on important components and details, elementary negligence and sloppiness. Much easier to attribute everything to a short circuit. The term is technical, and does not provide for someone's direct fault.

What causes a short circuit? First of all, this is a breakdown of insulation. It may appear due to mechanical damage to the outer layer of the wire when fixing the line in the wall, overheating of the network when the permissible loads are exceeded, or other reasons that are caused by the human factor. A short circuit is accompanied by a very fast, almost instantaneous release of a huge amount of thermal energy. In which the wires themselves and part of the insulation ignite.

The only thing that threatens such a process is the operation of automatic fuses and the interruption of the supply of electricity to the home network. It is much worse if wooden or plastic structural elements of the house are in the zone of high temperature. A fire in this case is inevitable.

How to correctly calculate and install internal hidden wiring in a wooden house, without the risk of unforeseen situations? For this, there is a special document - "Rules for the installation of electrical installations." It should not be treated with disdain as another bureaucratic fiction. Like military regulations, most safety regulations are written in blood. Each limitation arose not only as a result of the calculations of engineers, but also due to specific accidents.

One of the requirements for such work is that hidden electrical wiring in a wooden house must be carried out using wires covered with non-combustible insulation. One of these are wires of the VVGng (A), VVGng LS, RKGM or NYM brands.

The wires are laid inside metal tubular channels, securely interconnected by welding or bolting with electrical conductivity. The tubular circuit must be grounded to avoid sparking or breakdown.

The use of corrugated pipes made of plastic or metal in wooden buildings is not allowed unless they are reliably isolated from contact with combustible materials by a layer of non-combustible substances of low thermal conductivity. Treatment of wood with non-combustible impregnation is not such protection, since at high temperatures of the electric arc, the short circuit does not have a deterrent effect.

How not to do wiring in a wooden house

When installing power lines in wooden houses, many electricians, especially non-professional ones, make the most common, and therefore the most dangerous mistake - they mount the wire directly on a wooden structure, and even cover the line with wooden finishing materials.

Excessive hope for the strength of the wire insulation turns into a fire after several years of operation. Inside the wooden channels there are many processes that cannot be foreseen.

Temperature fluctuations, changes in humidity, dust accumulation, deformations cause microdamages of even the highest quality insulating materials. At sufficiently high loads, for example, when the lighting is on in all rooms, the TV, refrigerator, and even a bread machine or multicooker are working, a breakdown between parallel conductors is possible. If they are not separated from the wooden base, electrical wiring in a wooden house lights up- fire is inevitable.

Something to pay attention to: When installing hidden wiring in a wooden house, it is forbidden to lay the cable directly along wooden bases, as well as laying using corrugated pipes (corrugation), metal hoses and plastic boxes. This is a violation of the "Electrical Installation Rules" 7.1.38.

The use of plastic smooth or corrugated pipes is dangerous due to the possibility of damage by rodents. As practice shows, modern mice and rats are very fond of feasting on the insulation of wires, and even the pipes themselves. The accumulation of wood dust in ducts and channels leads to a very rapid ignition and spread of fire throughout the house.

The danger is that the flame spreads inside the walls. It is almost impossible to extinguish it with conventional fire extinguishers, even if it is detected at the initial stage.

Installation of electrical wiring in a wooden house, especially when it is carelessly executed, is often accompanied by microscopic damage to the insulation, which, when heated, can cause a short circuit. The temperature of the arc that occurs when the conductors are shorted reaches 5000 °C.

Plastic boxes and corrugated sleeves do not withstand such temperatures and burn out, giving flame access to wooden structures. Even a tree impregnated with special substances ignites when heated to such an extent.

Steel corrugated sleeves do not protect against such a high temperature. Their walls are very thin and not designed for such high level heating. One of the characteristics of protective channels for laying electrical wiring is the localization ability - the ability to withstand the process of a short circuit without burning out for the time necessary for the self-extinguishing of the arc.

Only steel boxes and pipes have a sufficient level of this parameter. They are the only possible elements for laying hidden electrical networks in wooden buildings.

Metal pipes are very technologically advanced for installing electrical cable channels. In addition to the possibility of cutting them into pieces of the required length, they can be connected in various ways: by welding, soldering, threaded couplings, tees, etc. The resistance of pipes to corrosion can be increased by painting them with a protective paint.

Price steel pipes comparable to the cost of a corrugated sleeve good quality. Copper pipes are somewhat more expensive, but they are easier to install and are practically not subject to atmospheric influences.

How to properly install hidden electrical wiring in a wooden house

There are many ways to install hidden electrical wiring in wooden houses, but only a few of them are correct. The first rule to be followed during design and installation is maximum compliance with fire safety requirements.

Hidden electrical wiring in a wooden house should be laid in non-combustible materials with localization ability.

Aesthetic and design considerations should recede into the background. The same applies to the cost of the work. In case of a possible fire, the losses will be much greater than the cost of high-quality electrical wiring.

As mentioned above, the highest quality material for laying cables and wires in hidden cavities and voids behind wall or ceiling cladding are metal pipes and steel boxes. If PVC-ng (non-combustible) materials are used in the form of a corrugated pipe or mounting boxes, then they must be protected on all sides by gaskets made of fireproof materials that poorly conduct heat.

Alabaster, cement plaster, concrete can be used as such insulating gaskets. The thickness of the layer is determined by the calculated power of the wiring.

But the most reliable way to protect the house from fire in case of malfunctions in the electrical wiring is installation using steel or copper pipes and boxes. Copper pipes are much more technologically advanced - they can be bent in any direction without the use of complex special tools, which is especially important when wiring a complex branched circuit.

The use of steel pipes is somewhat more complicated and requires certain qualifications of installers. This is especially true for works on the replacement of individual sections of electrical wiring. The sharp edges of metal ducts can damage the insulation when pulled. Therefore, these operations are performed using special tools. The use of additional tools is also required by the threading procedure, if it is necessary to connect sections or secure boxes.

Electrician in a wooden house - choose the wiring route

The selection and marking of the route for laying electrical cable lines must be carried out in strict accordance with the requirements of the PUE. The number of turns and bends should be kept to a minimum. If pulling the cable is difficult due to the architecture of the building or the presence of communications in the walls, then special metal junction boxes (steel or copper) are installed in difficult places. Their number is not regulated, but should not be excessive. Each connection, even made according to all the rules, is an extra link that introduces uncertainty into the system and weakens the overall resistance of the chain.

Their installation must also comply with certain rules, for example, it is strictly forbidden to close the boxes decorative panels, ceilings or other elements that make it difficult to access during maintenance, control or measurement.

The installation depth of pipelines for electrical wiring should be chosen so that the bearing characteristics and strength of wooden walls and ceilings are not violated. The number and location of bends, junction boxes and other elements is calculated so that, if necessary, it is possible to replace the wire in the electrical section without the need for damage or disassembly wooden structures.

The diameter of the metal pipe and the thickness of its walls is selected based on the properties of the cable. The cable laid in the pipe should occupy no more than 40% of its internal section and be easily pulled through the entire length of the section. In addition, it is allowed to lay in each pipe not one cable, but several. At the same time, their total cross section should also not exceed 40% of the pipe diameter. The cross section of the cable is determined by the outer diameter, including the insulation.

When installing hidden electrical wiring in wooden houses using metal pipes, the wall thickness of the pipes should be selected based on the cross section of the cable (wire) that runs in this pipe.

Cross-section of conductors, mm2		Pipe with a wall thickness of at least, mm
aluminum wires	copper wires
4	2,5	not standardized
6	-	2,5
10	4	2,8
from 16 - to 25	from 6 - to 10	3,2
from 35 - to 50	16	3,5
70	from 25 - to 35	4

Before pulling the cable, the insulation resistance must be measured. This is done to determine if the wire meets the specifications of the design documentation and to check the condition of the cable. The check shows whether the insulation has not been broken during transportation, storage or preparation for work.

The cable pulling process itself takes place with the use of special end sleeves made of plastic, which protect the insulation from damage against the sharp edges of pipes or ducts. After pulling, the insulation is measured again to exclude the possibility of connecting a conductor damaged during operation.

In wooden houses, only wires with special markings are used. Their insulation does not ignite even at very high temperatures.

Wiring in a wooden house - which wire to choose for laying in pipes

After drawing up the wiring diagram and marking all the wiring nodes, it is necessary to determine which wire to use in the installation. Special wires are created for wooden structures under the marking VVGng (A) and VVGng-P (A). These are copper wires with solid cores, which can be up to five.

The wire is double insulated. The inner layer is made of polyvinyl chloride and insulates each core separately, and each wire is painted in a different color, which facilitates the installation of switches, lighting and other devices. The outer part of the cable is covered with a special non-combustible protective insulation made of composite plastic. It is very strong and flexible, it allows you to easily pull a cable of considerable length through the pipe using a special steel cable.

Such wires are operated in the temperature range from -50 to +50 °C. The insulation has very high anti-corrosion properties, does not react with chemicals and does not deform under temperature changes. Flame retardant properties comply with GOST R IEC 60332-3-22.

Wires of the VVGng LS, VVGng-P LS type are not inferior in their qualities to the previous modifications of the cables, but, in addition to them, when heated, they do not emit harmful opaque substances and toxic hydrogen chloride. This is indicated by the LS index.

The NYM cable corresponding to GOST 22483 is also based on copper conductors, but has triple insulation. The cores are insulated separately with multi-colored PVC, then all together with a polyolefin composite material and enclosed in a sheath of non-combustible PVC. Such a cable can have up to five cores. It is produced in German modern technology known as VDE.

Placement of sockets and switches

Hidden electrical wiring in a wooden house does not do without the installation of sockets and switches. At the installation sites of sockets and switches, it is necessary to drill sockets for the installation of metal boxes with the help of special tools, where the devices are fixed. These boxes, as well as mounting, broaching and soldering boxes, are installed using a special technology.

It provides for the implementation of several mandatory operations that should ensure reliable connection pipes and boxes into a single whole to fix reliable contact between all elements.

The contact is necessary for grounding the entire structure. If ensured the continuity of the circuit of the entire metal structure, it is enough to perform grounding only on the switchboard. In case of possible breaks, it is necessary to install an additional ground wire, which is connected by soldering to each box and pipe. grounding electrical network in a wooden house is a very important element in ensuring fire and electrical safety, protecting against possible sparking and overheating of circuit elements.

There are several options for attaching boxes to pipes. The most reliable and high quality is soldering or welding. They provide the most reliable contact, are protected from corrosion and are resistant to mechanical stress.

In the case of using copper pipes, their ends in the box are flared. If the pipes are steel, then the connection to the box occurs by screwing the nuts. In this case, a special thread must be cut at the ends of the pipe, and the nuts themselves, after tightening as tightly as possible, must be fixed and protected from corrosion.

Distribution and technological boxes must comply with a protection class of at least IP -54, which corresponds to the protection against the penetration of industrial and household dust into the volume and protection from water splashes into the box.

Test work after wiring in a wooden house

After the installation of metal pipes and boxes of the future electrical network is completed, grounding is measured, which should determine the reliability of the connection of all parts of the circuit. All structural elements must be connected in one continuous circuit, providing protection in any area when connected to a busbar marked "PE".

After the completion of the verification work and the elimination of all possible imperfections, cable laying work is carried out. It will not be superfluous to remind you that the insulation resistance of each section of the cable is made before and after installation. The cable length must be chosen so that each junction box has a certain amount of headroom that may be required when changing connections.

If the cable length exactly matches the distance between the installation boxes, if you need to connect another device, switch or perform other work, you need to change the cable along the entire length of the section. The process is quite laborious, and the cost of a quality cable is quite high.

Used in laying networks of a wooden house only three-core or five-core cables with mandatory grounding. Electric current is a thing, although familiar, but very dangerous. The operation of a network without grounding is contrary not only to safety regulations, but also to elementary common sense.

Wooden houses are in demand due to the speed and ease of construction, the low cost of construction work and the environmental safety of the material.

Many people are stopped by the fire hazard of objects, because the tree is exposed to fire and burns quickly when ignited. That is why, when buying a wooden house, it is important to carefully consider the choice of equipment and the installation of electrical wiring. This is especially true if the work is done by hand.

Advantages of concealed wiring

When installing electrical wiring, many choose a hidden installation option that does not spoil the interior design of the room.

The advantages of the method are obvious:

1. The absence of cable channels on the walls, conspicuous and interfering with wallpapering the surface.
2. Low risk of fire with strict observance of the rules of the PUE in the process of flush mounting.
3. Ease of cable replacement if it is laid in a corrugated pipe.
4. Low risk of mechanical damage due to installation of the product in concrete, metal products or plaster layer.
5. Safety for residents of the house, because the wires are hidden from view, and access to them is limited.
6. No difficulty in doing finishing works, because the cable is inside the trim.
7. There are no negative environmental influences.

These reasons are enough to give preference to hidden wiring when arranging an electrical network in a wooden house.

How not to do it, installation rules according to PUE

Some "specialists" are taken for the installation of hidden wiring, without having sufficient knowledge, and, accordingly, without taking into account the requirements of the PUE.

A common mistake that is made during work is mounting the wire on a wooden surface, followed by closing it with wood trim.

The calculation is done on the strength of the wire and its insulation. Such connivance can lead to a fire, because processes occur in wooden recesses that cannot be predicted.

Over the years, cable products have been adversely affected by temperature changes, dust, sudden changes in humidity, or damage to insulating materials.

At increased loads, when electrical equipment is turned on in all rooms (heaters, TV, multicooker and other equipment), a large current flows through the wires. As a result, the risk of a short circuit between two adjacent wires is increased.

If there is no reflective non-combustible surface near the cable, a wooden building can catch fire even though it is impregnated with a special fire-fighting compound. Stopping the fire is almost impossible.

When choosing a hidden wiring option in a wooden house, you need to take into account the complexity of the process and the importance of meeting the requirements of GOST R (50571.1-2009) and PUE-7.

In the absence of experience, it is better not to take on the installation. Invite qualified specialists who know the norms of the mentioned documents and follow the rules. But you don't have to stay away either. Knowledge of the requirements of the PUE and GOST R helps to control the hired electricians.

Project preparation

When creating a project for hidden wiring, attention is paid to the fire safety of a wooden house. This is true even to the detriment of the deterioration of appearance.

There should be a minimum of turns in the flush wiring diagram. In this case, contact with wood must be avoided. The cable must be laid in copper and steel pipes. In a PVC corrugation or a metal hose, installation under asbestos or plaster is allowed, but according to PES 7, this is prohibited.

Before starting work, it is necessary to develop a project and coordinate it with the local power supply company (District Electric Networks).

Employees of the TCP service develop technical conditions that apply when performing work. First, the total power of electrical appliances is calculated, and then a wiring diagram is developed.

Algorithm of actions when creating a project:

1. Development of a technical plan for a wooden house. The diagram indicates the location of electrical sockets, lamps, switches and electrical appliances with a separate supply.
2. A type of cable is selected for each electrical point. If switches with two buttons and "triple" sockets (with a ground outlet) are used, a cable with three cores is connected to them.
3. The hidden wiring diagram of a wooden house shows places for mounting junction boxes. To reduce their number, one junction box is used for two rooms.
4. The power consumption of each receiver is indicated. If the device is equipped with an electric motor, the parameter is indicated taking into account the starting current of the motor.
5. Bulbs, sconces and other lighting equipment are reduced to one group, and consumers of higher power to the second. For reliability, both branches are connected to their machine with an individual rated current.
6. The distance from the place of installation of hidden wiring to window and door frames, as well as electrical outlets up to the ceiling or floor. Such information is useful and helps to protect the wiring from damage during repairs. The electrical cable turns are carried out only at a right angle.

After preparing the circuit, the power that is consumed by electrical appliances is calculated, provided that they are turned on simultaneously.

It also calculates the rated load current for the input circuit breaker (the one at the entrance to the room).

Wire (cable) for electrical wiring in a wooden house: rules for choosing and using

After preparing the hidden wiring diagram and indicating the branching points, you need to decide on the wire used during the installation process.

In wooden houses, special wires are used, denoted by the letters VVGng (A) or VVGng-P (A).

The conductors are made of copper, single-core with up to five wires. Cable feature - double insulation:

1. The inner part of the manufacture using PVC, which isolates the current-carrying parts from each other. For ease of installation, each wire has its own shade.
2. The outer insulation is covered with a protective layer of composite material providing fire resistance. Its feature is strength and flexibility, which eliminates the difficulty in pulling the cable through the pipe using a cable.

Optimal temperature regime from -50 to +50 degrees Celsius. The advantages of the insulating layer are corrosion protection, no reaction with chemical components, resistance to deformation during temperature changes. Resistance to combustion is confirmed by the requirement of GOST R IEC 60332-3-22.

You can choose other types of cables:

• VVGng LS or VVGng-P LS - additional resistance to certain substances (for example, hydrogen chloride);
• NYM is a copper cable that meets the requirements of GOST 22483 and is distinguished by reinforced insulation in three layers. The cores are insulated with multi-colored PVC, and then wrapped in a special protection with refractory qualities. The number of lived in such a product is up to five. In the manufacture, modern German technology is used, which guarantees high quality products.

When choosing a cable for hidden wiring, you need to take into account the features of the room and not save money on the purchase of a quality product.

Main and introductory cables, circuit breaker

When choosing a cable for hidden wiring in a wooden house, you need to consider that it can be of two types - general (goes through the building) and introductory (to the machine). Consider the features for each option.

Main wiring

The common cable is selected taking into account the loads in the room. When choosing, you need to know the maximum power (current) of electrical equipment.

So, when using cable products with copper conductors for a cross section of 1.5 mm. sq. rated current is 19 A (for voltage 220 V and 4.1 kV). With a cross section of 2.5 sq. mm. copper wiring withstands 27 A (5.9 kW).

In rare cases, it may be necessary to install a wire on 4 "squares". In this case, the rated current is 38 A, and the power is 8.3 kW. When choosing a section, the nameplate power of each electrical appliance is taken into account.

The most popular type of cable for flush wiring is NYM (its features are described above). The advantages are density, ease of installation and the presence of additional insulation, which is important for wooden houses.

Minus - fear of strong bends, which can lead to damage. When leading to sockets, cable products with three cores are used, which protects against electric shock. Grounding is also necessary when using powerful spotlights on the site.

Input

When choosing an input cable, the power of the electrical receivers is also taken into account. These parameters are summed up and the final indicator is determined, which is used when selecting a section.

When replacing hidden wiring in a wooden house, one should not forget about updating the input cable. If the section is not enough, the risk of ignition of the house increases.

If it is impossible to replace the input cable with your own hands, you need to involve specialists in the work. As a rule, work is performed during the installation of the meter and its sealing.

Circuit breaker

An error in the choice of automatic switches (AB) is also fraught with consequences. When buying a product, you need to go through two stages:

1. Determination of the sum of the powers of electrical equipment and calculation of the limiting current parameter. To obtain the desired indicator (I), the total power is divided by voltage and cosine "phi" (0.8). A correction factor of 1.1 will be applied to the calculated figure. After performing the calculation on hand, the maximum tripping parameter of the circuit breaker. As a rule, an AB with a rated current of 25A is enough for a small wooden house.
2. Select the type of circuit breaker. Here, a lower short-circuit current threshold is required. To determine the current in a 1-phase 220V circuit, it is necessary to multiply 3260 by the wire cross-section (sq. mm), and divide the resulting number by the length of the cable product. The formula is used to calculate the longest section with the minimum conductor cross section.

The ratio of short-circuit current and rated I indicates the AB characteristic. The optimal solution for hidden wiring and a wooden house is to buy an automatic machine with characteristic C.

The device copes well with work in circuits with different electrical consumers.

An important point is the number of poles. If a three-phase wiring is used in the house, a three-pole AB is used, and for a single-phase wiring, respectively, a 1-pole switch.

The place of installation of the introductory AB is after the electricity meter. All circuit breakers, including those supplying power and lighting groups, are installed in a shield on a DIN rail (a special mount is provided for circuit breakers). After installing the AB, wiring is done around the room.

When choosing an introductory machine, you need to focus on the maximum current so that the cut-off or thermal element does not work from the working I load.

Installation of hidden wiring in a wooden house

Installation of hidden wiring can begin after purchasing the equipment. The work will require cable products, AB, switches, sockets and light bulbs (chandeliers).

Junction boxes are also bought, which are installed in strict accordance with the specified scheme. Using finishing material wires are laid in an armored sleeve.

Subtleties and installation rules

Unlike external wiring, where it is routed using ceramic rollers or staples, in the hidden version, the cable is hidden in the walls, cable channel or baseboard.

Installation is carried out carefully, because any damage to the insulation is fraught with short circuit and possible fire. When an arc occurs, the surrounding air warms up to a temperature of 5000 degrees Celsius (this is enough to ignite the tree).

The use of plastic corrugations or pipes for laying is unacceptable, because the products do not withstand prolonged use and burn out when exposed to high temperatures.

Special wood impregnation does not protect against ignition. By the way, corrugation made of steel does not protect from 5000 degrees, because its walls have a small thickness and are not intended for such heating.

That is why, when flush mounting, it is necessary to select equipment that can withstand the high temperatures that occur during short circuits. If the arc encounters an obstacle in its path, it quickly decays.

A better solution is to make hidden wiring in a wooden house using steel (copper) pipes or ducts. Their peculiarity lies in the convenience of cutting pieces and the possibility of combining using different adapters, soldering or welding equipment.

To increase the resistance to rust, the surface of the pipes must be coated with a special paint.

Copper pipes can be used, which are resistant to corrosion and easy to bend, but they come at a high price.

Rules for installing hidden wiring in a wooden house:

1. Touching the cable to a wooden surface is excluded. It is necessary to make sure that every centimeter of wiring is in special protection (metal pipe or box).
2. To mount the tube into the wall, it is necessary to make a strobe, holes for fastening or cut out a recess for wiring. It takes skill and perseverance to do this job.
3. Vertical channels are drilled during the installation of log crowns. Laying horizontally is carried out after the installation of the walls.
4. To pull the cable inside the pipe, a conductor (thin wire) is laid.
5. Places of installation and transitions between rooms are isolated with the help of additional elements (asbestos, alabaster, sleeves, metal boxes, etc.)
6. When attaching hidden wiring, you need to take into account the number of highways. If several cables run in one armored sleeve, this requires a greater thickness. To hide such a product in a wooden house is a difficult task.

When creating hidden wiring, you need to remember the importance of RCDs. The device provides instantaneous shutdown in the event of leakage currents. For reliability, there should be several devices (for each group).

Selecting a wiring route

When choosing a place for laying a route in a wooden house, the requirements of the PUE must be taken into account. Think over everything in such a way that the number of turns and bends is minimal.

If there are difficulties with pulling the cable due to the characteristics of the building or communications in the walls, junction boxes made of steel or copper are installed at problem points.

The maximum number of these devices is not specified, but their installation cannot be abused. Connection points, even when meeting the requirements of the PUE, reduce the reliability of the entire electrical network.

When installing junction boxes, you must follow these rules:

• you can not close the boxes with decorative elements;
• the use of overlaps that complicate access for control, replacement or measurement of the voltage level is prohibited.

The depth of pipe installation is chosen so as not to disturb the strength and load-bearing parameters of a wooden house.

The number of bends, junction boxes and other nodes is calculated in such a way as to, if possible, change the wire in the problem area without dismantling the building elements.

Switchboard installation

The casing of the electrical panel is attached taking into account the hidden wiring diagram. After installing it, the following work is done:

• counter mounting;
• installation on a DIN rail of a special introductory AB;
• connection of wires (phase and zero);
• wiring to the input of the main machine;
• cable entry into the house and connection to the input terminals of the meter;
• mounting on a DIN rail voltage relay and AB, feeding different groups of electrical wiring;
• connecting electrical appliances with a wire.

Grounding and RCD installation

In a wooden house (as in other residential premises) it is difficult to do without high-power equipment (washing machine, boiler, refrigerator, and others).

The use of equipment with a metal case requires grounding. Its arrangement occurs according to the following algorithm:

1. Prepare three metal rods that are three centimeters in diameter and 3 meters long.
2. Dig a hole in the ground in the form of a triangle. Each of the faces should be 100 cm long.
3. Drive metal rods into the corners of the triangular figure.
4. Combine the rods with each other using welding and a metal corner.
5. Weld a loop to one of the corners, and then fix a steel centimeter rod with a screw or welding.
6. Lay it in a trench for connection to earth in the electrical panel.

For ease of identification, the grounding cable core is made in yellow-green insulation.

More information can be obtained from the article about.

Additional protection is the installation of an RCD. The device is mounted in the shield after the counter. When choosing a residual current device, knowledge of the rated current is necessary (it is calculated when choosing a machine).

The task of the RCD is to respond to any leakage, which is especially important for wooden houses and rooms with high humidity.

Power cable entry

Before installing hidden wiring, preliminary measures must be taken - to bring a power cable to a wooden house (electric panel).

The work is carried out in strict accordance with SNiP and PUE, with the involvement of specialists who understand these issues. The cable product is supplied by air or in the ground.

The first method is more attractive due to the ease of implementation and lower costs. Aerial mounting uses a self-supporting insulated conductor. It is also necessary to install a sleeve that is resistant to heat (a cable passes through it).

The second method (hidden laying in the ground) requires the use of a metal pipe that protects the cable from damage. When choosing this method, you need to coordinate the work with the employees of the distribution zone.

Wall mounting in cable duct

If there is no desire to "hide" the wiring in the walls of a wooden house, you can simplify the task and use special cable channels. The work is performed according to the following algorithm:

• marking the line along which the hidden wires will go (the work is carried out taking into account the existing scheme);
• selection of the cable channel section, which depends on the number of wires passing inside;
• removing the cover and fixing the box to the wall or ceiling surface using self-tapping screws (mounting range - 50 cm), and additional fastening is provided at the turning points using self-tapping screws;
• laying wires in cable channels with the subsequent installation of a cover (a supply of wire is left near the switches and sockets for connection);
• combining wires in distribution boxes, connecting with machines, sockets and switches.

Before installing hidden wiring, you need to prepare tools and equipment, and then get to work.

in metal pipes

A reliable method of hidden installation is the use of metal pipes that protect a wooden house from fire in the event of a short circuit. The diameter of the tube is selected taking into account the properties of the cable used.

The product should occupy no more than 40 percent of the internal area and easily pass along the entire length.

It is allowed to lay several cables in one pipe at once (the above rule must be observed). When determining the cross section, the full diameter is taken into account (including taking into account insulation).

When choosing a thickness, you must follow the requirements of VSN 370-93 or SP 31.110-2003. Recommended parameters for the section of aluminum / copper wires:

• 4/2.5 sq. mm. - not standardized;
• 6/- - 2.5 mm;
• 10/4 - 2.8 mm;
• 16-25 / 6-10 - 3.2 mm;
• 35-50/16 - 3.5 mm.

Before pulling the cable into the pipes, it is necessary to measure the insulation resistance to check the integrity of the product.

Work helps to ensure that there is no damage during storage, transport or preparation.

When pulling, a special wire is used from end sleeves that protect the cable from damage. After the work is completed, the cable is once again checked for damage.

Grounding metal pipes

It's no secret that metal is an excellent conductor of electricity, so pipes for hidden wiring in a wooden house must be grounded. In this case, the products should not be torn in mounting or junction boxes.

If there is such a fact, you need to connect metal constructions using a grounding conductor.

In a metal hose or a plastic pipe: what are the risks

Hidden wiring in a wooden house excludes laying cable products on a wooden surface. It is also prohibited to lay a conductor using metal corrugations, plastic pipes or metal hoses. This requirement is spelled out in the PUE (7.18).

The above products are subject to negative impact rodents, which easily damage their surface and get to the wires.

In addition, wood dust, which is prone to ignition, accumulates in the boxes. If the flame flares up, it will not be possible to stop it.

Laying in a corrugated metal sleeve or PVC corrugation is possible (this does not mean that it is allowed) provided that the plaster is applied on top with a layer of 10 mm or protected with an asbestos layer.

There are several types of metal sleeves for hidden wiring on the market:

• RZ-CH;
• RZ-SL;
• With PVC insulation (resistant to high temperature).

The first type of product (РЗ-ЦХ) is a leaky corrugated sleeve made of galvanized steel. Cotton material is used to seal the joints.

RZ-SL - corrugated sleeve made of tin white color. Before twisting, the product withstands electrolytic tinning, which means applying tin sputtering to the surface.

The task of the layer is to protect the product from corrosion and extend its service life. For insulation between joints, a polypropylene film is used. Its feature is resistance to stress and the ability to withstand high humidity.

The metal hose in PVC insulation is a hermetic structure that can withstand high humidity, chemical and mechanical stress.

In addition, the product protects the cable from exposure to sunlight. Can be used for all types of wiring in a wooden house (inside and outside).

An alternative option is a metal hose made of stainless steel, but its disadvantage is a high price. Plus, it guarantees high performance and a long service life.

When choosing a suitable solution, you need to consider the following features:

1. For rooms with high humidity, a sealed armored sleeve is used that does not allow moisture to enter the product.
2. In ordinary rooms of a wooden house (residential or non-residential), it is allowed to use a simple product of the RZ-CH type.
3. Under harsh operating conditions, it is necessary to buy a metal hose with polymer insulation.

Metal corrugation goes on sale in bays 30 and 50 m long. If cutting is necessary, a special tool is used - a grinder, scissors, a metal file or others.

A good solution is to use plaster around the metal sleeve. For hidden wiring, such a step is required (you cannot use a “bare” metal hose). The thickness of the plaster should be from 1 cm or more. The solution seems simple, but it's not.

Flaws:

1. Difficulty repairing or replacing wiring. Tightening the wire without dismantling is a very difficult task.
2. The plaster does not adhere well to the wooden surface. Over time, cracks may appear, and it will begin to crumble.
3. The use of plaster on a tree does not make sense, because the very essence of a wooden house is its naturalness.

Despite a number of shortcomings, the laying of an armored sleeve in plaster does not violate the requirements of the PUE, therefore it has the right to life.

Placement of switches, boxes, sockets

When installing hidden wiring, you can not do without mounting switches and sockets on the walls. At the points of fixation of the elements, it is necessary to make recesses and fix the products.

The work is carried out according to a special technology provided for buildings made of wood.

Highlights:

• grounding is mandatory for the entire structure;
• if the metal elements do not break over the entire length, grounding on the electrical panel is enough;
• the presence of gaps requires the installation of additional grounding by soldering or in another way.

Fixing boxes to pipes is carried out in several ways - welding or soldering, which guarantee high quality contacts, protection against rust and resistance to damage.

If copper pipes are used for hidden wiring, they are flared when approaching the box.

In the case of steel structures, a thread is made for fastening with a nut. When choosing boxes (technological, distributive), it is necessary to pay attention to the protection class. It must be from IP-54 and above, which guarantees protection against dust and moisture.

Wiring order

The PUE clearly spells out the rules regarding the connection of wires inside the box (installed together with the taps of the main cable).

Combining wires involves the use of the following methods:

1. SELF-CLAMPING TERMINALS WAGO. To apply this method, 1 cm of insulation is removed from the wire. When choosing terminals, the cross section with insulation must be taken into account).
2. CAPS FOR TWISTING. The insulation is removed taking into account the length of the cap, in which a conical spring is provided. When putting the product on a twist, the spring clamps the wire, and the plastic sheath provides reliable insulation.
3. TWIST. When choosing this method, the wires are stripped of insulation to a length of 4 cm, and then twisted together. The twisting points need to be soldered, and then wrapped with electrical tape. .

It must be remembered that the number of joints affects the ability of hidden wiring to withstand loads. The greater the number of connections, the lower the load capacity.

In addition, in order to avoid confusion, you need to consider the purpose of colors. Yellow-green is "ground", red or brown is phase, and blue or white is zero.

Wiring test

After installation of hidden wiring, it must be tested. This is especially important for wooden houses, which have a low level of fire resistance.

When checking, special devices are used, and trained employees of electrical laboratories are invited to work.

The set of activities includes:

• visual inspection;
• ground resistance measurement;
• AB check;
• phase-zero circuit test;
• check of protective devices;
• control of the circuit between the ground electrode and the devices.

After completion of the work, a test report is drawn up and transmitted. Such measures are mandatory, because they help to avoid accidents and prevent equipment breakdowns.

In conclusion, we give tips and results regarding the implementation of hidden wiring in wooden houses.

Basic points:

1. For electrical wiring in a wooden house it is better to use NYM - a cable with triple electrical insulation.
2. The best circuit protection is provided by differential circuit breakers that protect the network from short circuits and leakage (RCD).
3. Grounding junction boxes and metal pipes is a mandatory element of safety.
4. During installation, it is necessary to take into account the shrinkage of a wooden house in order to avoid distortion and damage to the wires.
5. The pipe connection must be as reliable as possible. For joining, welding and soldering are used.
6. The best pipes are copper. Their advantages are corrosion resistance and ease of bending.
7. At the ends of the pipes apply plastic inserts protecting the cable from damage.
8. If lining is used during installation or wood wallpaper, you can run pipes through the existing recesses.
9. In a wooden house, it is allowed to combine hidden and open wiring.
10. Installation is done exclusively according to the scheme agreed with the experts.
11. The main attention is paid to protection against fire, and only after the aesthetic component.
12. The optimal solution is to lay channels in existing recesses, window and door openings, under skirting boards or ceiling cladding.
13. When using corrugated pipes, it is necessary to cover the surface with plaster or asbestos gaskets.
14. Pipes are combined by threading or welding.
15. Junction boxes must be freely accessible.

Results

Hidden wiring in a wooden house is mounted only with knowledge normative documents and compliance with applicable requirements.

Violation of the rules is fraught with negative consequences, up to the fire of the building. In the absence of experience, it is better to refuse to work with your own hands, and entrust the work to the masters.

5 / 5 ( 1 voice )

Works related to electricity require attention, compliance with the rules and accuracy. And do-it-yourself wiring in a wooden house requires even more attention: the material is very fire hazardous. Therefore, when planning and installing, pay attention to the requirements and recommendations of regulatory documents. If you do not have enough experience, it is highly desirable to invite a competent electrician for advice before connecting, and even better before starting installation. He will be able to point out to you flaws and miscalculations.

Wiring diagram in the house

According to current regulations, when connecting electricity without a transformer, the power consumption for a private house should not exceed 15 kW. It is found by adding up the power of all electrical appliances that can be turned on at the same time. If the figure found is less than 15 kW, the introductory machine is set to 50 A. If the power is greater, a transformer is also needed. Its parameters will be indicated to you in the project, since in this case, you cannot do without it.

Where to put the introductory shield, hull requirements

Recently, representatives of energy supply organizations have demanded the installation of meters (and introductory machines, respectively) on the street. This is done in order to be able to control consumption even if the owners are not at home. But this requirement is not supported by anything, and, if you wish, you can install everything inside the house. But more often, in order not to quarrel with the controllers, the requirements are met, and an automatic machine and a counter are installed on the street.

For outdoor installation, the circuit breaker (AZ) and the meter must be in a sealed case, protected from dust, dirt and moisture. The protection class for installation must be at least IP-55. For the convenience of monitoring readings, there should be a window in the door of the box for the electric meter. For installation inside a wooden house, the requirements are somewhat lower: IP-44, but the housing must be metal.

Organization of entry into the house

After the introductory machine, an electric meter is installed, then another RCD is installed - for an emergency shutdown of the power supply in the presence of a short circuit, and then the cable is connected to the electrical panel inside the house. inside the house should be one step lower than the one installed outside. In this case, if there are problems, the machine in the house will work first and you will not have to climb the wall every time to the introductory machine installed there.

Single-pole automata are installed in the shield, to which wires are connected that diverge throughout the premises. They are mounted on DIN rails, their number is recruited depending on how many separate “branches” of power supply are required. To find out how many machines should be in your shield, count the number of required groups, two or three free machines are added “for development”. This will be the "branches". According to the quantity received, select the electrical panel in size.

Divide consumers into groups

When planning a wiring diagram in a wooden house, all connection points are divided into separate groups (they are often called consumption groups). For example, all sockets on the ground floor are powered by one machine, a separate device is placed on lighting fixtures in the house, and another one is used for street lighting. If some powerful electrical equipment is used - a boiler, an electric boiler, an electric stove, etc. - for them it is desirable to conduct separate branches of power supply and install personal machines. Separate protection devices are also installed for the power supply of outbuildings (if you do not want to pull separate inputs to them and install a separate meter, but only on condition that the power of all electrical appliances does not exceed 15 kW).

From a safety point of view, it is better to make as many separate branches of the power supply as possible. This will increase the number of machines and increase the cost of the project, but will reduce the number of potentially dangerous connection points. It is in the places where the conductors are removed that problems most often arise: the contacts oxidize, heat up, then start to spark. Therefore, it is better to make the number of connections as small as possible.

And, at the last stage, it is advisable to draw a diagram of the distribution of electricity in the premises on the plan of the house. At the same time, consumer groups are easier to draw in different colors. So you can more fully imagine what the wiring diagram in a wooden house will look like, it will be easier to do it yourself. For example, everything may look like the photo below.

Types of electrical wiring in a wooden house

After installing the shield and installing all the necessary machines, you can start wiring electrical cables in the house. There are three ways to lay an electrical cable in a wooden house:

Features of closed wiring in a wooden house

As you understand, closed wiring can be done at the construction stage or overhaul. Moreover, when laying it, there are features: all connection nodes must be mounted in special metal boxes, to which there must be free access. They cannot be hidden under the finish, because their covers are selected to match and / or try to place them in places that do not attract attention.

If hidden wiring in a wooden house is carried out not with a cable, but with insulated wires, the wall thickness of metal pipes is regulated:

• for copper wire with a cross section of up to 2.5 mm 2, the wall thickness can be any;
• with a cross section of up to 4 mm 2, the thickness of the metal wall must be at least 2.8 mm;
• if the cores have a cross section of 4.5 to 10 mm 2, the pipe must have a wall of at least 3.2 mm;
• with a cross section from 10.2 to 16 mm 2, the wall should not be thinner than 3.5 mm.

When laying electrical cables, there are no requirements for the wall thickness of a metal pipe, therefore it is permissible to lay cables (they have double and triple insulation) in a metal corrugation or, as they say, in a metal hose. It's much more convenient and faster.

Laying the cable in a corrugated metal hose (metal hose) is much more convenient and requires less time and money

But in any case, since the wires will be hidden, access to them is extremely limited. Making changes to an existing network is troublesome and expensive. Therefore, before proceeding with the installation of closed electrical wiring in a wooden house, carefully check the circuit and do everything very carefully and scrupulously.

Rules for installing electrical wiring cable channels

On device open wiring or laying it in cable channels also has its own rules. They relate to how far from the floor, ceiling, corners and other structures they can be placed. All these norms for greater clarity are displayed in the photo.

Selection of the cable section and its connection

The cross section of the cable conductors is selected depending on the planned load (in kW) and the material of the conductor. It is not necessary to do all the wiring with a cable with the same core. You can save money without sacrificing safety. To do this, a section is selected for each section, depending on the power of the devices that will be connected here. Their power consumption is summed up, about 20% of the reserve is added, and the section is selected in the table according to this value.

To connect the power supply in a wooden house, fire safety requirements are added. The main thing is that the wire sheath must be non-combustible. In such wires, the name contains the letters "ng". Double () or triple (NYM) cable insulation is also required to provide the required degree of protection.

In order for the wiring in a wooden house to be done correctly with your own hands, it is best to use cables with multi-colored cores. Then you definitely will not confuse zero with phase or ground. Usually the colors are distributed in this way:

If you buy a European-made cable, there are different colors:

• "earth" - yellow-green;
• "zero" - white;
• phase is red.

Choice of sockets and switches

To ensure fire safety in a wooden house, sockets and switches with a metal mounting plate should be installed. First, it is mounted on the wall, then the outer panel is installed. The use of plastic plates is allowed, but the plastic must be non-flammable and have the appropriate fire inspection certificate.

Moreover, for the safe connection of most modern equipment, three-wire sockets with a ground wire are required. It is also required when lighting is connected, but this is often not done indoors. But for outdoor lighting, grounding is necessary: ​​here the operating conditions are much more complicated.

Do-it-yourself wiring in a wooden house: installation rules

In a wooden house, you must always remember that the material is combustible and in this case it is better to play it safe. Do-it-yourself wiring in a wooden house is done in compliance with the basic rules:

• First, the entire scheme is assembled, the performance of each branch () is checked. We check each of the power lines for the absence of a short circuit, “to ground”. Only then the wires are connected to the machine. We recommend that you immediately sign what is connected. Then it's easier to troubleshoot. Having connected one line, turn on the power supply, connect the load. If there are no hits, great - you can continue. Turn off the machines (which goes to the already checked line and the introductory one), work with the next line. After all the lines are checked and connected (signed), the introductory machine turns on. Then, gradually, one by one, the lines turn on.
• Installation of electrical wiring in a wooden house is carried out only with whole pieces of cable without connections and twists.
• Wiring is done in stages. Having laid a piece of cable, be sure to check the integrity of the insulation of the laid piece of cable. To do this, the cores and insulation are “ringed” relative to the ground and cores.
• When cutting the cable, a margin of length is left - at least 15-20 cm. If, with an incorrect connection, it will be possible to redo it without pulling the cables.
• Be sure to follow the colors of the wires.

Subject to these rules, electrical wiring in a wooden house, made independently, will be safe and reliable.

Private buildings made of timber and logs are distinguished by their external attractiveness, living comfort and environmental friendliness. But they are classified as buildings with increased fire hazard, due to the combustibility of wood. Therefore, wiring in a wooden house is carried out taking into account special requirements. They are set out in the section Electrical Equipment of the Building Regulations (SNiP) and the Rules for the Construction of Electrical Installations (PUE).

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Installation requirements and general work plan

If you strictly adhere to the provisions of the PUE and SNiP, it is really possible to equip a reliable and safe power supply system for a wooden house with your own hands. First you need to familiarize yourself with the key requirements of these rules and regulations:

• A competent scrupulous calculation of the cable cross-section is required. Non-combustible material is used for their insulation.
• It is advisable to lay open wiring.
• Concealed wiring is not recommended for wooden structures. If you have to use it, you should work with cables in a metal pipe or in another sheath.
• In the switchboard, a protection device (RCD) and a circuit breaker are mounted and connected.

Wiring is divided into external and internal. The first is laid on the street and is connected to the home network through underground wells and channels or through the air (canopy).

External cables are usually made of wires with aluminum conductors, and only copper products are allowed to be used inside the dwelling. Their connection is carried out in a special adapter called a sleeve. It goes from the electricity meter to outer wall buildings to the switchboard.

Wiring in a wooden house is laid in stages. Experienced electricians are advised to adhere to the following sequence of work:

• The total capacity of the equipment that is planned to be installed in the dwelling is calculated.
• A power supply project is being prepared.
• Selection and purchase of switches, sockets, wires, technical devices.
• Power is being supplied to the building, a circuit breaker, an electric meter and a switchboard (PS) are connected.
• The cable is bred around the house.
• Mounted lighting fixtures, sockets, switches.

Lastly, the RCD is connected and the grounding system is equipped. After that, do-it-yourself wiring is tested for operability and safety of operation.

The nuances of drawing up a project for the energy supply of a wooden house

Work should begin by obtaining technical specifications from the local branch of the electricity supplier. Then they begin to calculate the total power of household appliances, lighting and other appliances. This operation is easy to do with your own hands, using the table below.

After the calculations, an electrical wiring diagram is created. The procedure is simple:

• A house plan is being drawn up. It marks the installation points of electrical appliances, lamps, switches, sockets, and other equipment.
• To connect the equipment, the appropriate type of cable is selected.
• On the wiring diagram, the places where the junction boxes will be placed are marked. One such device is usually used for two adjacent (adjacent) rooms in the house.
• The plan indicates the power of each electrical appliance (taking into account the starting force for installations with its own engine).
• Equipment that consumes a lot of energy (furnaces, heating boilers, water heaters) are combined into one group. A separate machine is used to connect them.
• Less powerful appliances (chandeliers, floor lamps, and so on) are collected in another group.

The diagram shows the distances from the line along which the cable is laid to all window and doorways and removing electrical points from ceiling and floor surfaces. This is done so that later, if it is necessary to carry out repairs in the house, the probability of damage to the wiring is minimal.

During the design process, several important recommendations should be followed. Electricians advise working according to the following standards:

• Cable laying is carried out at the top or bottom of the wall with an indent of 0.2 m from the ceiling or floor.
• The switchboard is installed in the hallway of the house at a height of 150–170 cm so that children cannot reach it.
• Turns of internal wiring are made at an angle of 90 °.
• For reasons of aesthetics and ease of use, all switches are mounted at the same height (0.8–1.5 m). They are usually fixed from the side where the handle of the doors leading to the room is located.

Sockets are installed at any height (PUE and SNiP do not stipulate this point). But the places of their installation should be thought out as competently as possible, taking into account the layout of large household appliances and furniture. Then, after repair, you will not have to use extension cords to connect electrical equipment.

Selection of wires, sockets, switches - the table will help

The electrical network in a wooden house works without accidents and failures if the cross-section of cables is correctly determined, with the help of which lighting, special equipment and household appliances are connected. For many home craftsmen, this part of the work causes difficulties. The table for selecting the diameter of copper conductors for devices operating under certain loads allows you to cope with them.

Section, mm	Voltage, V
	380		220
	power, kWt	Current, A	power, kWt	Current, A
120	171,6	260	66,0	300
95	145,2	220	57,2	260
70	118,8	180	47,3	215
50	95,7	145	38,5	175
35	75,9	115	29,7	135
25	59,4	90	25,3	115
16	49,5	75	18,7	85
10	33,0	50	15,4	70
6	26,4	40	10,1	46
4	19,8	30	8,3	38
2,5	16,5	25	5,9	27
1,5	10,5	16	4,1	19

All electrical appliances have a technical passport or instructions for use. They indicate the loads that they consume. Based on this information, it is not difficult to select the required cables.



The safest wiring in a wooden house is obtained using NYM copper products. They are easy to install and process, have good strength, are equipped with additional insulation. Their only drawback is their high cost.



More affordable is the cable marked VVGng. Its insulation is carried out using PVC (polyvinyl chloride) plastic compound, which does not support combustion.



Switches and sockets are selected according to the type of wiring (open or hidden), the magnitude of the (calculated) current, the possibility of their connection on a single-frame block. Cables with three cores and mandatory grounding are connected to these network elements. The latter provides almost one hundred percent safety of operation of household appliances.

Introductory wire and machine - how to choose the right one?

To determine the cross section of the cable leading to the house, you need to calculate the total power (total rated load) of all available electrical devices and equipment. This is especially important if the wiring in a wooden house is being updated. That is, a complete replacement of auto switches and internal wiring is carried out.

If it is necessary to install a new lead-in cable on a log house or a residential building made of logs, contact the power supply organization. Its replacement is carried out before the installation and sealing of the electricity meter.

If the building network is designed for 380 V, a single-pole automatic machine is installed at the input. With a single-phase power supply (220 V), devices with 1 or two poles are used.



Experts advise choosing a machine with a face value that, when maximum loads does not turn off the current supply to the dwelling, but breaks the electrical circuit. Thus, it eliminates the risk of a short circuit.

It is easy to decide on the type, characteristics and rating of the introductory machine (VA) on your own. First, the power of all electrical equipment in the house is taken. According to the formula P / U * 0.8, the maximum current indicator is calculated. Its value is multiplied by a special coefficient of 1.1 and the value is obtained at which the switch at the input operates (in most cases, a 25 A fuse is used).

A suitable type of VA is selected according to the short circuit current (SCC). The formula used is: I = 3260 * S (wire cross section in millimeters) / L (cable length in meters).

The characteristic of the circuit breaker is determined by dividing the TKZ by the value of the rated current. For individual housing construction, it is recommended to use category C devices. They have shown themselves well when working in electrical networks with a mixed load.



VA is mounted after the counter. These two devices are mounted in an electrical panel on a DIN rail along with RCDs and automata for individual groups of equipment, after which they begin to lay cables around the dwelling.

Hidden and open wiring - features

Outside, the cable, as noted earlier, is mounted in metal pipes that are buried in the ground or in the air. The first way is more expensive, but really reliable.

Before the internal wiring in the house, the installation points of the switchboard and boxes, switches, sockets, and lighting fixtures are planned. The RSC is fixed at the selected location. Then the following actions are performed:

• An electricity meter is mounted in the switchboard housing.
• A VA is placed on the DIN rail, to which the neutral and phase are connected.
• The input of the input machine is connected to the terminals of the metering device.
• Switches and voltage relays for RCDs and individual power groups are installed on the rail.
• All clamps of electrical equipment are connected by a wire to one core.



Proceed directly to the wiring - hidden or open. The first is equipped in cases where the wall decoration in the dwelling is planned to be made as attractive and aesthetic as possible. It is ideal for newly built or overhauled log houses.



Hidden wiring involves placing cables in special non-combustible plastic or metal (aluminum, steel, copper) boxes. The latter are laid between the lining of the vertical surface and its base.

Open-type electrical wiring is installed in long-used houses and when creating retro interiors in new buildings. It is done with:

• Ceramic rollers that act as insulators. This method is optimal for dwellings with walls made of wooden logs.
• Plastic channels for cable fixed on vertical bases. These mounting fixtures are available in different colors, which makes it possible to choose them for any type of skin.
• PVC bracket. This technique is rarely used in homes because of its unattractiveness. It is more suitable for wiring in technical, utility and utility rooms.
• Corrugated pipes filled with cables up to a maximum of 40%.
• Special skirting boards equipped with a gutter. In the latter there are special fixators for the wire.



Important! It is desirable to equip the passages through the walls from one room to another with fire-resistant metal sleeves. And already through them to stretch the cables. In this case, the likelihood of a fire due to faulty wiring is significantly reduced.

Popular Indoor Cable Routing Methods

Open wiring is usually carried out using cable channels. Step-by-step instructions for performing such an operation are given below:

• The marking (according to the existing project) of the network laying line is being carried out.
• Remove the cover from the cable channel.
• Attach the box to the ceiling surface or wall. For this, self-tapping screws are used. Their installation is carried out in increments of 50 cm. At the turns of the route, additional hardware is screwed in.
• Junction boxes are mounted in the designated places.
• The wiring is placed in the cable channels, the latter are covered with a lid, and the fasteners are snapped into place.



Important! At the mounting points of switches and sockets, a small amount of cable should be left. It is required to connect the specified elements.

The wires in the distribution boxes are connected to each other and to the terminals of sockets, circuit breakers, switches. This part installation work described in detail in the next section.

With hidden wiring, the cable is often "hidden" in metal pipes. The algorithm of work is simple:

• They make strobes in the walls.
• Distribution boxes are installed (so that access to them after facing the vertical bases is free).
• Install pipes. If necessary, they are pre-cut. The ends of the products are cleaned, all burrs are removed from them.
• Pipes are fastened with clamps.

The wiring is pulled through fixed metal channels. In junction boxes, the conductors are twisted and insulated.

Briefly about the methods of connecting wires and the intricacies of the procedure

The operation is done by hand in one of three ways. A single internal wiring is created:

• twist.
• Self-clamping Wago-terminals.
• Special caps.

The first technique is inexpensive and available in implementation. The insulator (4–5 cm) is removed from the ends of the cables. The wires are twisted together, soldered and wrapped with a protective adhesive tape.



Wago technology involves removing 1 cm of insulation from the ends of the wires and connecting them using self-clamping terminals. The latter are selected according to the sections of the cables used.



The third method requires the purchase of special caps, inside which a conical spring is installed. How to use them:

• wires are stripped and twisted;
• cover the junction with the described product.

The spring, when screwing on the cap, firmly clamps the electrical cable. And the plastic shell acts as an insulator.



Nuance. The load capacity of the internal route being laid depends on the number of wire connections. The more of them, the less reliable the wiring is in operation.

The final stages of work - little things remain

PUE require that all household electrical equipment with a metal case (refrigerators and freezers, washing machines, boilers, stoves) be grounded. This operation is easy to perform on your own:

• Three reinforcing bars with a section of 3 and a length of 300 cm are cut.
• A triangular ditch 0.3 m deep with sides 1 m is dug in the courtyard of the house.
• The rods are mounted into the ground at the corners of the trench, connected to each other by welding and steel billets.
• An eye (loop) is attached to one of the bars. It is made of steel 10 mm thick.

The eye is connected in the electrical panel to the ground wire. It has a yellow-green insulating layer.



The residual current device is placed in the shield after the meter. It eliminates the risk of electric shock to a person during a breakdown of the latter on the housing of household appliances. RCD is selected according to two indicators:

• Rated current. Its value is taken an order of magnitude higher than the characteristics of the auto switch installed in the circuit.
• leakage current. For residential premises with normal humidity, devices with a response threshold of 30 mA are purchased, for bathrooms, bathrooms and kitchens - 10 mA.

After installation of all elements, the wiring is checked for safety of use and operability by specialists of certified electrical centers and laboratories. They conduct comprehensive tests:

• inspect the wiring for correct installation;
• measure the zero-phase resistance of the ground loop and insulation;
• check the operation of the RCD and machines.



The test results are recorded in the protocol. It must be presented to energy sales representatives who will come to seal the electricity meter.

Logs and timber for construction are chosen for their environmental friendliness, unique aesthetics, and good insulating characteristics. However, the property owner should be aware of the limited resistance of materials in this category to high temperatures. A high-quality wiring diagram in a wooden house provides a high level of security. It retains functionality for a long service life, fully complies with current regulations.

Features of electrical wiring in a wooden house

The industry regulations contain norms that, on the one hand, should facilitate the solution of electrical installation problems. Even at the design stage, it is clarified that main danger for wooden structures are overheating of conductors and short circuits. To prevent fire, the power cable is surrounded by a metal (non-combustible) sheath. It also serves as protection against rodents that can damage regular polymer insulation.

However, after a detailed review of the regulatory framework, some questions remain.

1. In PUE latest edition the need to use metal pipes for hidden installation was noted (clause 7.1.38). On this basis, many experts recommend the use of just such means of protection, as well as at least 10 mm of a layer of plaster or other fireproof material.
2. The same document (clause 2.1.38.) notes the applicability of this norm in relation to the simplest inexpensive cable products. It's about about products with shells of combustible substances. However, many modern conductors are coated with polymer insulation with special additives that prevent flames and smoke.
3. Domestic SP 31-105-2002 contains standards for the construction of "Canadian" frame buildings. They noted the admissibility of laying power lines through holes in the support beams without tubes and other additional devices.
4. Similar solutions are used by foreign companies with references to corporate and national standards. But in Europe and the USA, the standards for grounding with the connection of protective lines to each consumer are more stringent than in Russia. The corresponding wire goes in a common cable without a sheath, which speeds up the operation of the residual current device in case of short circuit.

How to conduct electrical wiring in a private wooden house?

It is better to create a power supply project for a wooden house in domestic conditions on the basis of more stringent standards. The use of plaster mortars in wooden structures can be difficult, so metal pipes are quite suitable for meeting the conditions for safe installation.

Apply steel (round and square) with anti-corrosion galvanization and copper products. The former are distinguished by market availability and reasonable price, the latter are easier to work with, but they are more expensive.

Preparation of a power supply project

If you entrust it to professionals, then the customer will only need to provide the initial information. Experienced specialists will make a package of documentation in strict accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation and building codes. In the future, there will be no difficulties with the coordination and implementation of the project - electricians performers will receive detailed instructions, and the customer is the information basis for the control and calculation of material investments.

However, having some technical training, you can independently prepare a simplified version of the project - a wiring diagram for installing electrical wiring in a wooden house. Consider the main stages of the step-by-step algorithm of actions used for this.

General system settings

The input of a common supply line into a wooden house is organized via an overhead or underground line. The first method is cheaper, and the second provides better cable security. To connect the house to the centralized power grid, you will need coordination with the local power supply company.

To simplify the verification of readings, it is recommended to install metering devices on the street (allowed in the house). To do this, the meter, together with the general protective automation, is mounted in a special box with a transparent window. Its housing can be made of metal or plastic according to the standards of protection against moisture and dust - IP55 or 44 (outdoor or indoor placement, respectively).

Machine tools, pumps, and some other powerful consumers are connected to a three-phase 380 V network. To increase noise immunity and reliability, install separately:

• lines with standard voltage 220 V;
• wiring to connect LED lamps(48 and 12 V);
• information cables.

Select the installation scheme for conductors and distribution boxes. Hidden wiring is designed in metal pipes. Phase and neutral conductors are provided in common channels with slopes for condensate drainage. The design of the channels and their interfaces should not make it difficult to replace the conductors (clauses 2.1.18-2.119 of the PUE).

Open laying is carried out on insulators, in a box or corrugated tube, under a special plinth with built-in cable holders. The free space inside the ventilation or chimney ducts is not suitable for the installation of lines. And if necessary, their crossing of the wire (cable) is placed in metal sleeves.

An open mounting option implies simplified control, but increases the risk of accidental mechanical damage to the current leads.

Selection of conductors

Power supply in a wooden house is recommended to be assembled on the basis of cable and wire products of the VVGng series or its analogues. The letters "B" designate polyvinyl chloride sheaths (conductor and general). "G" (naked) - no additional protection. If necessary, purchase products with steel strip armor. Electromagnetic interference is eliminated by shielding. Non-combustible flame retardants "ng" prevent the emergence and spread of flames.

Determining the power of the circuit and protection devices

First, the total power consumption is specified. Indicative indicators of individual electrical appliances for example in the table:

Accurate data is taken in the technical data sheets of the devices. The amount in kW is increased by 20-25% to eliminate problems during peak loads, as well as after connecting new electrical consumers in a wooden house.

If the total power does not exceed 15 kW, one circuit breaker is installed at the input of the power supply line. An additional transformer is not needed in this case.

To calculate the rated current of the introductory machine, use the formula I nom \u003d P total / (U s * Pk), where:

• I nom - rated current;
• P total - total power;
• U C - voltage in the power supply network;
• PC - correction factor (0.8).

Add 10% to the value obtained. For more accurate calculations, you can use specialized calculator programs available online on the network.

Machines inside the house are selected with a lower face value, using the division of consumers into several groups. Choose the lighting of individual zones and common sockets. Hobs, ovens, other powerful consumers are also connected by separate lines. To fix the protective devices, select a suitable cabinet with necessary quantity rails according to the DIN standard.

Wiring diagram layout

In order to correctly and quickly place the electrical wiring components in a wooden house, a detailed architectural plan of the building is useful. Taking it as a basis, they draw power and signal lines, distribution and switching devices, consumer devices, taking into account the recommendations presented in the table:

Switches are installed in the range of 50-150 cm from the floor, taking into account the physiology and preferences of future users. Wiring to them is mounted in the direction from the ceiling down. The opening door leaf must not press the key. Otherwise, a stroke limiter is installed in a suitable place.

Switches for pantries (toilets, saunas) are installed outside. Separately, you should consider the location of devices of this category in places of recreation and working area in the kitchen.

Sockets are not placed below 30-50 cm from the floor level, and for connecting a vacuum cleaner - 70-80 cm. This helps to avoid flooding in case of accidents. Sockets also remove at least 0.5 m from heaters, gas stoves and other grounded devices. The wiring to them is laid from the bottom up.

For comfortable use, it is recommended to install at least one outlet for every 6-7 m of the perimeter of the room. An exception is the kitchen area, which assumes the local connection of several units of household appliances at once. Appropriate corrections are made in the living room and office to power a computer with peripherals, a TV, and audio equipment.

Additional Tips:

• to control luminaires from several points, use switches of the through-type and cross-type;
• the use of various sensors (motion, light, humidity, etc.) will help automate the operation of electrical appliances;
• install dimmers for smooth lighting control.

Based on the prepared wiring plan, a shopping list is compiled. Wires and cable channels, sockets, switches, group machines are purchased with a margin. This will eliminate delays due to installation or design errors, and the rest of the material will be useful for future repairs. The list of tools and consumables is specified after familiarization with the features of work operations.

For a detailed assessment of the project, an electronic 3D layout is used. With its help, the convenience of control components, furniture arrangement, and other parameters are checked.