When we were young, it was quite common to go camping. Someone still probably remembers the taste of potatoes baked in the coals, sleeping in a tent, singing with a guitar near the fire and the taste of soup with noodles and stew. I suggest you plunge a little into the end of the seventies along with the memories of the hike "along Uralmashevsky"!
We went on hikes two or three times during the summer. Usually these were the nearby Tavatui, the mountains Volchikha, Volchenok, Ayat ... They went not only far, but so that nature would be present, and so deserted ...
Get ready! Somehow the company was selected so that everyone, well, or almost everyone, were "couples"! It's more fun that way, right? There was an agreement on drinks - the boys usually brought two vodkas or four wines with them in the form of a mandatory minimum "contribution", the girl was allowed to take with her one vodka or, respectively, a couple of port bags. Products in the form of food - pooling. Standard sets of eggs, chicken, vegetables, tea, pies with vermicelli soup, potatoes and stew.
As a rule, they left for the weekend - in the morning. Electric train, guitar - and by the way, there were quite a lot of such bands similar to us at the railway station. We went deep into the forest, and the first thing we did at the camp site was laying out a battery with drinks and taking pictures! Given the fact that there were usually about 30 of us walking around, the rows were impressive. Then I (there was such a tradition) with another friend, shared a battery, took away half of the drinks "for tomorrow" and went together into the forest - to hide this half. All evening and all night, they themselves did not go there, and others did not know where and what was hidden with us. Norm! Bribing us or begging us to get something from tomorrow's NZ was useless.
Then, as usual - the guys set up tents, went for spruce branches, firewood, made a fire, the girls cooked lunch and dinner, drank (some got drunk), swam, played the guitar and sang, dispersed into the forest in pairs and with blankets "for blueberries") ), rested in general!
Sometimes at night (idiots) tried to try "chifir", which, in our understanding, was prepared like this - an enameled mug of water and a small pack (!) of Indian tea. With intelligent faces of inveterate convicts, they boiled this muck, with no less severe faces they drank, and then thoughtfully, pardon me, vomited in the bushes.
In the morning we watched who and with what faces crawled out of the tents, rejoiced at this and laughed throughout the forest, and followed the second part of the program hidden in the forest! They continued, and at the end they usually wrote and hid in bottles "letters to descendants" (there are so many of them now, they are waiting for archaeological research) and they returned home satisfied, happy and joyful! And again there were electric trains and songs with a guitar!It was happy!
I don't know if people go hiking now the way we did. Probably not - now equipment, alloys, rocks and "jumping" - everything is fashionable and not childish. And everything was just like that - simple and unpretentious. Tell me, what kind of campaign - some kind of collective booze? Maybe so - but in nature, together and beautiful!
Among the many types of tourism, I would highlight the following: varieties, defining in the classification of which I would call the degree of organization, orderlinessand/or the influence of the leadership role of state and public institutions:
- organized tourism
- amateur tourism
The federal law "On the Fundamentals of Tourism in the Russian Federation" interprets amateur tourism as "travels using active modes of transportation organized by tourists on their own", and proclaims the support and development of social and amateur tourism along with domestic and outbound tourism as priority areas for state regulation of tourism.
Many divide amateur tourism into organized and "wild".
With the "wild" everything is clear - this is the most ancient type of tourism, in which all the worries and organizational chores lie with the "savage" itself - it seems to me that the "father of history" Herodotus, the merchants Marco Polo or Athanasius Nikitin can be considered wild tourists; ).
By organized amateur tourism, I mean those tourists who unite in public organizations such as tourist clubs, tourist sections, tourist associations and on a voluntary basis regulate their activities, organize trips and travel, classify them, offset travel and assign sports categories.
Despite the fact that organized sports tourism in Russia originated in the Russian Empire, originating from April 5, 1895, when in St. Petersburg, by decision of the Minister of Internal Affairs I.N. Durnovo, the founding meeting of the Society of Cyclists-Tourists was held and it was this date that began to be considered the date of birth of organized Russian tourism, amateur sports tourism took on a particularly massive scale precisely in the Soviet Union, and during the Soviet era, the basic principles for assigning sports categories for tourism were developed and a classification of tourist routes
As a mass public organization, amateur tourism in the USSR originates from organized in 1929 Society of Proletarian Tourism of the RSFSR, abbreviated OPT. N. V. Krylenko became its chairman.
Later (in 1929) it was transformed into the Society for Proletarian Tourism (OPT), since 1930 it became an all-Union one (OPTE). It was headed by People's Commissar N. V. Krylenko.
By 1935, the number of its members reached 790 thousand people. In 1936, the entire tourism system in the country was reorganized, new organizational forms of management were introduced. On January 17, 1936, the Central Executive Committee adopted a resolution "On the liquidation of the VOPTE" and entrusted the leadership of the work in the field of tourism and mountaineering to the All-Union Council of Physical Culture under the Central Executive Committee of the USSR. In the 20-30s in the USSR, mountaineering and mountain tourism in the modern sense of these words were considered a single type of TOURISM, and were developed by the state in the OPTE system. In 1936, the management of tourism in the country was transferred to sports organizations and the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions.
In 1962, by decision of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions, TEUs were transformed into the Central Council for Tourism and Excursions (TSTE), republican and regional councils, under whose jurisdiction amateur tourism was completely transferred. Sections and Route Qualification Commission (MCC)by types of tourism, regional and city tourist clubs were created.
In 1985, the Federation became known as the All-Union Federation.
Photo for the Trip Report - a group in full force on the pass.
At the end of the trip, the IWC provided a Tour Report with photographs of pre-arranged checkpoints, a description of the trip, and mileage. conditions, product layout, incidents, etc., on the basis of which the ICC counted (or did not count) the hike of the category declared by tourists, and each of the hike participants was issued a "Travel Credit Certificate" of form No. 8 tour. - however, such certificates are still in use.
For example - my certificate of credit for a water trip of the IV category of complexity along the river. Urik in the Eastern Sayan:
Reverse part of the reference:
Since there were no GPS-s in those days, the control of the route was carried out by providing photographs of predetermined areas of the terrain in the Report with the obligatory presence of one of the group members in the photo for identification. I, since I was dressed in a very specific way, was good;)):
The passage of the most dangerous sections of the route was also recorded - the Chertiki threshold, EMNIP:
If sports goals are set during organized amateur tourism (obtaining sports categories and titles), and trips and trips are carried out along classified sports routes, then this section of amateur tourism is called sports tourism.
Well, sport is competition and achievements;)
A certificate of travel credit was provided as confirmation of the experience of a particular participant when recruiting a group for a hike (participants with experience in at least one hike of the previous category were allowed on the hike of the next category of difficulty, for the leader - experience in leading at least one hike of the previous category and participating in the declared one).
There were exceptions. when in the "four", for example, they took a participant with a "deuce", but the number of inexperienced was strictly regulated.
In this way, I immediately went to the "two" along the beautiful Mana River in the Krasnoyarsk Territory, bypassing the "one".
However, I did go to the “unity” later, along the river. Kondurche for the May holidays - otherwise they would not have taken me to the "troika" to Altai:
As you can see, such a rather simple and uncomplicated organizational decision provided a level of tourist training and experience of its participants sufficient for the safe passage of the route.
Organized amateur tourism is still alive today - it is now supervised by
In the USSR, health and recreation were a priority. The trade union committee allocated vouchers to resorts and sanatoriums for parents, for children - in. Moreover, the cost of rest is rather symbolic. A mobile lifestyle was instilled from an early age: sports sections, hobby groups, all kinds of competitions - all year round. But with the onset of summer, restless citizens put on backpacks and went on long hikes. Tourism is two in one: both sports and recreation. They also got used to walking through the vast expanses of the Union from childhood.
Camping trips for junior schoolchildren were held on weekends. They were timed to coincide with a significant date and were more like an excursion. But the pioneers approached the event very scrupulously. Indispensable attributes: a red tie, a cap and ... sandwiches prepared the day before by a caring mother. At a halt, the children shared their impressions and exchanged supplies. A string of guys walking along with a fervent song, accompanied by a senior counselor, was no exception ...
The kids were jealous of the older kids. Those hikes are the real ones: with backpacks, tents and a bowler hat. On average, the campaign lasted three days, but preparation took a lot of time. First you need to enlist the support of adults. It was considered good luck to persuade the older brother to take patronage over the class and accompany the group along the developed route. High school students were led by healthy egoism: a small difference in age allowed them to behave relaxed and at ease, almost in a comradely manner.
This was followed by the distribution of responsibilities, the extraction of equipment and food supplies. From time immemorial, every Soviet family had aluminum bowls and mugs, even a sturdy khaki-colored tent is not uncommon. If you don't have one, you can contact the rental office. The lucky ones even stocked up on sleeping bags. As for provisions, they agreed ahead of time or bought stewed meat, canned food, cereals, condensed milk, tea in a clubbing.
Amateur tourists walked 15-20 kilometers along the river bank or cross-country, making a couple of rest breaks. At the final point, tents were pitched, the boys went for firewood, the girls, with a masterly look, began to cook. In the team, everyone felt grown up and more responsible. Having decided on an overnight stay, we took places in tents, marking them with a backpack.
Hiking is a real vacation in the wild. Clean air, swimming, volleyball, fishing, picking berries and a radio tuned to a musical wave ... But the real success is portable: you can listen to rare records and arrange a disco on the lawn. The main thing is not to forget a spare set of batteries.
In the fresh air you don’t think about food, but you are happy to pull yourself up to the inviting knock of a spoon on metal. Food is simple and easy to prepare - soup from briquettes, porridge or noodles with stew, canned fish, lard, sausage. A special art is to cook a rich kulesh from millet. For fishermen, it is a matter of honor to treat their comrades with a real fish soup with smoke! The dishes were washed right in the river, rubbing the sooty cauldrons with sand.
At dusk, the company is by the cooling fire, in the ashes - potatoes. There are songs with a guitar, funny stories in between. Some fall in love, others quarrel, someone smokes on the sidelines - not without that. The boys took a sip of port wine from the stash, but quietly, in a partisan way, so as not to sleep in front of the elder.
There are two troubles in hiking - bad weather and mosquitoes. And if you can hide from natural phenomena in a tent, there is only one salvation from midges - smoke, but you can’t sit around the fire all night ...
With age, time flies faster and nothing can be returned, but the memory is securely stored in albums with black and white photographs. Looking at today's quiet kids, fascinated by computers, one is overcome by nostalgia for those ancient times when the yards were noisy from children's amusements and, of course, on camping trips, where we tempered ourselves and learned the basics of collectivism ...
Who walked
“My dear, forest sun” is perhaps the most popular tourist song. For the first time, the "forest sun" began to go on hikes in the mid-twenties. This happened in the wake of preparations for the inevitable world revolution and the struggle against the hostile environment of the young country of the Soviets. Initially, there was a movement of schoolchildren and Komsomol members, but it became truly massive after the war.
In the sixties it was difficult to find a girl who had never been on a campaign. It all began in pioneer camps, in universities such trips were organized by student committees. Many rejected any organization and just a small company went wherever they wanted. On popular directions and trails, sometimes it was simply not overcrowded.
Up until the end of the seventies, the popularity of this type of recreation was very high, and then a new generation came, who had completely different interests, and there were more opportunities for recreation, and interest in hiking began to decline.
What were you looking for
What to hide, many went on a campaign for romance. Men raved about distant wanderings, dreamed of rediscovering the globe and feeling its natural beauty. Of course, they also infected the beautiful half of Soviet society with enthusiasm. It seemed to the girls that, far from civilization, the real qualities of a person are revealed. Where to look for a strong male shoulder, which you can rely on, if not in harsh conditions?
In fact, many cells of society were formed precisely on the banks of taiga rivers, in the gorges of the Caucasus, or simply in a fairy-tale meadow somewhere in the Moscow region. Taking into account the fact that groups often met at the last moment, many of them got to know each other right there.
Weddings were not played on the campaign, but the cases when they went to the Sayan Mountains on their honeymoon happened even more often than today's vacation in the honeymoon suite in Egypt.
Quite fashionable was the rest together somewhere on the Black Sea coast. Sunrises, sunsets, a double tent, gatherings by the fire, hugs under one windbreaker. Movies and books usually told stories in the vein of "Three plus two", but in reality there was more feelings and sex.
Many people liked hiking so much that by the mid-sixties, hiking had become, as they would say in the West, a subculture with its own rules and rituals.
It was interesting, it was different from everyday life, it allowed you to see the most remote corners of the country, you could sing almost any song with a guitar, talk about everything. Some kind of irrational feeling of freedom and independence seized people.
Why did you go
To be honest, there wasn't much choice. Especially among young people. It was difficult to get a ticket to a sanatorium without working at a factory, without being a member of the Komsomol activists. Student camps began to appear en masse in the seventies.
High school students did not get to the pioneer camp any more, the most likely direction for them to relax is a trip “for potatoes” or to the village to their grandmother. And the surrounding forests were always nearby. To get out for a few days or a week, neither large funds nor organizational efforts were required. In the USSR, hiking was the most democratic form of recreation.
For girls at a tender school age, this was both an initiation into adulthood, a bride-to-be and the first romantic experience. The first camping trip with a young man is a test of feelings in non-greenhouse urban conditions. The logical continuation was the departure of a young family ... Then people either got involved in such a tent life, or moved on to more respectable options.
Where did you go
Soviet tourists were unpredictable people. It was possible to stumble upon a group almost everywhere, even in the most remote and protected places.
This applies mainly to male groups, because there have always been extreme sportsmen. Women restrained unhealthy impulses, gravitated towards reservoirs, mountains and the south. Therefore, the most popular routes were laid in the Caucasus, in the Crimea and around Lake Baikal.
The North Caucasus attracted not only mountain beauties and beautiful nature. Somehow it happened that it was here that an extensive network of tourist centers was created and walking routes for every taste were laid.
Crimea was no less popular. Although there were fewer routes, it was almost always possible to organize a hike so that it ends on the beach. Baikal was a kind of place of pilgrimage, a place of power for the Soviet extreme.
There were other directions, which can be talked about for a long time. Rafting on Siberian rivers, Ural mountains, Kola lakes, Altai, Volga. Routes were laid in almost all reserved places.
What were they wearing
Leather jackets were no longer worn in the twenties, but special clothes and shoes for tourists, with the exception of windbreakers, did not appear until the very collapse of the USSR. At that time, many did not even know about the existence of trekking boots.
The industry more or less coped with special equipment, but these needs of tourists were the last to be thought about. They chose comfortable, non-marking, and so that it was not a pity. Women had to humble the desire to look charming and spectacular. They dressed simply, the most popular were trousers, shirts, mostly men's. Very often they took sports suits with them.
The biggest problem is the selection of shoes. There was simply nothing suitable in stores, even in commission. Therefore, on the feet there was practically everything that could be obtained: sneakers, boots, old pumps. And not always such shoes turned out to be comfortable. With rubbed feet, many beginners suffered. Experienced travelers most often opted for inexpensive sneakers.
Scarce jeans, branded sneakers and all other rarities were left at home, no one wanted to risk all these things. All this further emphasized the democratic nature of hiking.
What did you take with you
The strong sex was usually engaged in tents. Men bought it, carried it and installed it. But everyone carried backpacks. Initially, however, they used the so-called shoulder bags that came from the army.
In the thirties, a “kolobok” appeared, which was gradually turned into an Abalakovo backpack, Yarov’s backpack competed with it for a long time. It was easy to find them for sale or on the market.
The pinnacle of backpack production in the USSR was the easel "Ermak" with an aluminum frame. It was extremely popular with tourists because the back did not take on the shape of a bag at the end of the day.
There was also a whole industry of making homemade backpacks. In principle, craftsmen made the same models that were sold in stores, but pleased with pockets, additional fastening and materials.
If the industry did not deal with special clothing, then there were no problems with all the other little things for tourists. Camping knives, pots and dishes, folding cutlery, chess. Many of these memorabilia and useful trinkets are still kept in families, although hiking is now much less common.
How everything was organized
The usual tourist standard is 15-25 kilometers a day, if there were beginners in the group, the pace decreased to 12-18 kilometers. As a result, the journey took about 4-6 hours. Usually they tried to leave in the morning in such a way that at noon they would make a halt, and then walk a little more.
The main task of the girls during the campaign, well, in addition to consecration with smiles of harsh reality, was cooking and collecting brushwood for the fire.
Every fourth day they did the so-called "day", that is, they rested all day. "Dnevki" were made in the most picturesque places, not far from water bodies or sights. In addition, they left one or two days in reserve, taking into account bad weather.
The usual hike lasted two weeks, passed 130-190 kilometers. There were also longer transitions, but then part of the days or even a week was spent in one place.
The latter options were very popular in the Crimea and Karelian lakes. Such trips were very popular with girls and couples in love. Given the popularity of this type of recreation in the USSR, they even sold vouchers when they were taken to the camp site by bus, rested for several days, they formed a group there and sent it along the route.
The First World War and the October Revolution destroyed the system of pre-revolutionary tourism.
The Soviet government is recreating domestic tourism, turning it into a mass form of leisure for the working people. Tourism is seen as part of the state business. control by the state and the party.
Tourist and excursion business began to be regarded as an important means of ideological and political education and physical development of the broad masses of working people, as an active form of organizing leisure. The people's commissar of education (Narkompros) is engaged in tourist traffic.
1923 Resumption of work of the ROT. Orientation to the proletarian Soviet approach.
In 1923-1925. tourist-excursion work of trade unions is activated. Tourism is considered as a progressive form of recreation and an additional opportunity for educational work among the population. AUCCTU - All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions.
In the Crimea, a "Bureau of working excursions" is being created (Simferopol).
1928 The need to reorganize tourism. Previously, teachers and students showed interest in traveling, now workers are showing great interest. JSC "Soviet Tourist" (Sovtour) is being created: creation of planned routes, tourist services, distribution of paid vouchers. Hiking in the Crimea, the Caucasus, Altai. Production of tourist equipment, publication of literature.
On the picture G. L. Travin in 1929. From the archive of the Pskov State Association of Historical, Architectural and Art Museum-Reserve
1929 on the basis of the ROT, the Society of Proletarian Tourism of the RSFSR (OPT) was created, the chairman is N. Krylenko.
Organization of amateur tourism, study of tourism techniques, militarization of tourism. Mass character.
The competition between Sovtur and OPT leads to the need to differentiate their functions. Narkompros divides their functions as follows: Sovtur - planned routes, commerce; OPT - amateur hikes and expeditions, an ideological approach.
In 1930, the OPT and Sovtur merged into the OPTE (Society for Proletarian Tourism and Excursions). Tourism is becoming a social mass movement.
1931 Classification of categorical routes was introduced: three categories of difficulty were defined. Route commissions are created. During the trips, a search for minerals is carried out, maps are refined.
Development in OPTE of mountaineering as a direction of mountain tourism. In the 1920-1930s. in the USSR, mountaineering and mountain tourism were considered a single type of tourism. V.Abalakov. Climbers were then few in number, the word "mountaineering" did not officially exist (why did the Soviet person need the Alps?), there was "mountain climbing", mountain hikes were encouraged, knowledge of one's country or mass ascents, military campaigns or solving geographic and geological problems, "just climbing" was given a touch of bourgeois entertainment.
A harmonious system of training mountaineers is being created, as well as educational camps in the Caucasus.
1933 Alpiniada, mass climbing Elbrus, hundreds and thousands of people.
The activities of the OPTE were terminated in 1936 due to political motives. The country's leadership was afraid of mass amateur associations. The authoritarian-bureaucratic system that had developed by that time did not need amateur public organizations that united thousands of people. Subsequently, many members of the OPTE leadership fell under the rink of repression. (I’ll add on my own: “repressions”, however, as a rule, are quite justified. In 1937-38, a spy network was opened and destroyed among the Vlpinists of the USSR who collaborated with German intelligence and supplied the Nazis with information that constituted a state secret. The traitors were destroyed, but managed to inflict serious damage to the country's defense capability)
1936 Elimination of OPTE. Transfer of the tourist and excursion business to the jurisdiction of the Soviet trade unions (AUCCTU). A new stage of domestic tourism began (1936 - 1945). Strengthening the monopolization and centralization of tourism, strict state planning. Tourist-excursion departments (TEU) are being created under the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions in different cities of the USSR. Development of the material and technical base of tourism, increase in the number of planned routes. The TEU of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions was largely engaged in planned tourism, amateur tourism was on the sidelines. Thousands of travel lovers could not come to terms with this.
1937 The first in the USSR "Club of tourists" was opened in Rostov-on-Don. The amateur tourism club has become a solution to the organizational problem in terms of amateur tourism. Before the Great Patriotic War, this club remained the only one in the country.
1938 The charter of the TEU of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions was changed. There is a strengthening of amateur tourism, the creation of sections on tourism under voluntary sports societies (SSO), trade union committees of enterprises and institutions. Tourist cells are being created as part of physical culture teams of enterprises, their work is financed at the expense of factory and local committees (FZMK). Hiking trips began to be seen as an effective means of physical training for young people.
In 1937, the All-Union Mountaineering Section (one of the areas of sports tourism) was created - later the USSR Mountaineering Federation.
1941-1945 The Great Patriotic War, the participation of climbers as part of mountain rifle detachments in the battles for the Caucasus.
1.3.2 Development of tourism in the post-war period (1945 - 1961)
The war caused enormous damage to the tourism business, the material and technical base and infrastructure were largely undermined.
In the first post-war decade, tourism was not typical, although the population showed interest in hiking and traveling. The efforts of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions in the field of tourism were primarily aimed at restoring and developing the material and technical base and personnel potential of tourism.
TEU used a number of organizational innovations to enhance the attractiveness of tourism. Much attention was paid to the development of family tourism, free and preferential vouchers (at the expense of state social insurance), the provision of tourist equipment.
1949. To stimulate amateur tourism, three levels of tourist skills and the title of "Master of Tourism" (later - sports categories and the title of "Master of Sports of the USSR") were approved. This was of great importance for the development of mass tourism, but at the same time, the pursuit of discharges increased, which led to accidents.
In the 1950s tourist clubs began to operate in a number of cities in the USSR: Sverdlovsk (1950), Moscow (1950), Leningrad (1957). In total, by the end of 1958, 42 tourist clubs operated in the USSR.
1.3.3 Tourism 1962-1968
Since 1962, domestic tourism has entered a new stage of its development, characterized, on the one hand, by the growth of its mass character, scale, expansion of the geographical base, social character and species diversity of domestic tourism, and on the other hand, by the growth of administrative and regulatory trends in its development.
TEU were reorganized into tourism councils, working on the principles of collegiality and wide involvement of public activists. City (district) clubs operate under the guidance of tourism boards.
In the early 1960s from tourism stood out and became an independent sport orienteering. In 1964, orienteering was included in the Unified All-Union Sports Qualification.
Work on the creation of clubs has intensified. In the 1960s the number of clubs increased to 2,000.
1.3.4 Tourism 1969-1991
Concentration of tourist and excursion directions in one hand - 1969 creation of the Central Council for Tourism and Excursions (CSTE), work is carried out under the auspices of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions.
Tourism contributes not only to the development of its own base, but also stimulates the development of many industries: transport, trade, etc. There is a widespread development of tourism, an increase in funding.
For the first time, the TRP standards included a hiking trip and passing a test in orienteering and tourist skills.
1981 TSTE established annual USSR tourism championships - competitions for the best tourist trip (among 4th, 5th, 6th category).
During these years, tourism has become the most popular form of recreation. Available to everyone.
The development of tourism was stopped due to the economic and political crisis in the country. Second half of the 1980s - the beginning of Perestroika, then the collapse of the USSR. The collapse of the tourism management system. Reduction of domestic tourism with falling incomes of the population.
