Ways to check the lungs and bronchi. How to check the bronchi at home

Often our ailments make themselves felt by the appearance of previously absent symptoms. What should be done first of all if the lungs began to "jump"? As a rule, everything starts with fluorography and mucus sampling from the lungs.

How can you check the lungs besides fluorography?

1. CT may be involved in the diagnostic process - CT scan, which will show a section of the lungs. The image will turn out to be colorless, but an experienced doctor can easily determine the presence of a pathology, for example, oncology. The result can be expected half an hour after the procedure. The CT procedure is completely safe. During this, a very small amount of radioactive rays is used, which cannot affect the patient or staff in any way. It is recommended not to eat food 4 hours before the examination.
2. The spiral cut of QD also has useful properties. The procedure consists in moving a special apparatus around the patient's body. This device scans the internal organs and makes more than 100 frames. In the course of such diagnostics, even the smallest tumor formations can be detected. The procedure takes about a quarter of an hour.
3. Your doctor may also need to examine the inside of your lungs. In this case, a biopsy is required. The latter is usually performed under local anesthesia, but general anesthesia can also be used. A flexible or rigid tube is used to take the material. To determine whether a biopsy is needed, the cut obtained after the tomography will help.

Do not eat or drink water for several hours before the biopsy. First, a sedative is given to the person so that he can relax. It is also necessary to take a drug that reduces the secretion of saliva.

After the sedative has taken effect, an anesthetic is sprayed (in the case of local anesthesia). The bronchoscope is then inserted through the nose or mouth into the lungs. During the procedure, you can simultaneously observe the organs and photograph pathologies, if any.

The procedure takes a very short time. After it, it is not recommended to eat food, at least until the effect of the anesthetic disappears. For several days, a person may be disturbed by discomfort, but they pass on their own.

How can you check your lungs at home?

One of the most common diseases is COPD - chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. This pathology is a combination of emphysema and chronic obstructive bronchitis. It occurs due to smoking and damage to the respiratory organs by irritating substances. COPD leads to the fact that the ability of the lungs to inhale oxygen is gradually limited.

When this pathology develops in the lungs, the symptoms appear slowly and are often difficult to recognize. COPD is a progressive disease that cannot be left untreated. There are several signs that indicate that it is necessary to put the respiratory system in order.

How can you check a smoker's lungs?

• You need to take a deep breath and inflate the balloon with one exhalation. The resulting ball is the volume of our lungs. Normal - 3.5 liters;
• Blow out the candles. For this, as a rule, cake candles are used. Their number should correspond to age. You need to blow them out at once from a distance of 70-80 cm;
• Hold the breath. Normally, you can hold your breath for at least a minute;
• Inflate a ball, the volume of which is 10 liters. This method is similar to the balloon test. A full healthy breath of a woman is 2.5 liters. Accordingly, a woman whose lungs are normal can inflate a ball in 4 full deep breaths.

How to check the volume and function of the lungs at home?

The first sign of pathology is shortness of breath. Many people ignore this symptom, attributing everything to age-related changes. However, the problem is that when COPD develops, it cannot be completely cured. This pathology can only be slowed down. If a person does not pay attention to shortness of breath that occurs from normal walking, then he has less and less healthy lung tissue. It is very important to maintain and maintain lung function by increasing your activity level.

1. You can test yourself, for example, do some exercises, climb stairs.
2. Worth experimenting with different types activities and observe for shortness of breath.
3. Changes can be monitored over time. If it becomes increasingly difficult to take a full breath, you need to see a doctor.

How to independently check the bronchi and lungs?

Frequent cough

All people cough from time to time. However, frequent or chronic coughing is a warning sign. COPD, for example, causes inflammation of the alveoli and bronchioles, causing them to lose their elasticity. Subsequently, their walls thicken, more mucus is produced, blockage of the lumens occurs. In pathology, a cough with sputum may occur without other symptoms. If the mucus has lost its transparency, then the person's condition is deteriorating.

Headaches in the morning in a smoker

An alarming sign is a throbbing headache that appears immediately after waking up and getting out of bed. It is due to the fact that a person breathes shallowly during sleep, as a result, carbon dioxide accumulates, in addition, the blood vessels of the brain expand.

Often headache is not associated with pathologies of the respiratory system and is treated as a separate symptom. To get rid of it, it is necessary to eliminate the main cause - lack of oxygen.

Ankle swelling

When the bronchi are affected and left untreated, heart failure can develop because the circulatory system receives less oxygen. As a result, fluid retention occurs in the body, which is primarily manifested by edema in the feet and ankles.

With the progression of pulmonary pathology, the heart pushes out blood with insufficient force, which affects the kidneys and liver. The latter, in turn, begin to perform poorly their functions of cleaning toxins and getting rid of fluid. Similar edema is observed during pregnancy and during air travel.

Sleep problems

In a horizontal position, it is more difficult for the lungs to work, so a sick person can put large pillows under his head, sleep reclining. After sleeping on a flat surface, dizziness may occur. When lung health suffers, sick people cannot sleep deeply enough, often waking up with a cough. If a person wakes up regularly for these reasons, feels tired, weak in the morning, has a headache, then first of all, respiratory pathologies should be suspected.

Barrel chest

To determine COPD, doctors use one of the tests - breathing in with your arms raised above your head. In this position, in the presence of pathology, changes occur, called emphysematous (barrel-shaped) chest.

Chronic inflammation causes the lungs to enlarge, pushing the diaphragm down. The chest wall increases, weakening the intercostal, pectoral and cervical muscles. Involuntarily sick people lean forward when sitting, leaning on their knees to compensate for the discomfort. This posture allows you to normalize the position of the shoulders and chest.

Sometimes people are bothered by a cough or chest pain, but they don't know how to check their bronchi and lungs. First of all, you need to consult a doctor and he will suggest the best method and examine the patient.

There are many ways to examine the bronchi and lungs. You can take a picture in which all structures and formations, suspicious tumors or foci of inflammation will be clearly visible.

The bronchi can be examined from the inside with the help of special devices, and lung tissue can be taken for histological examination. In addition, you can examine the function of the bronchi with the help of medications.

Among the methods of examination of the respiratory system are the following:

• Radiography, CT and MRI.
• Bronchoscopy.
• Study of the function of external respiration.
• Biopsy.

Radiography, CT and MRI

These three methods are united by the fact that the doctor receives a visual picture of the lungs and bronchi. Any pathology is reflected in the picture. So, pneumonia on the radiograph looks like a blackout, and calcifications look like white foci.

An x-ray is not always highly informative, but it allows you to suspect a certain pathology and establish a preliminary diagnosis. This method is used as a screening method for the detection of tuberculosis and lung cancer. In addition to fluorography, computed and magnetic resonance imaging are widely used.

CT implies a fairly high radiation load on the body, however, the accuracy of this method is high. MRI is safer, and even superior to computed tomography in terms of information content.

The significant disadvantage of this modern method diagnosis is its high cost.

Bronchoscopy

Bronchoscopy, or bronchofibroscopy, is an examination of the bronchial tree from the inside, using an endoscope. This method is invasive, performed under general anesthesia. Since the procedure is often difficult to tolerate by the patient, it is performed according to strict indications.

So bronchoscopy is necessary for the following pathologies:

• Foreign body of the bronchus, especially in children.
• Neoplasm.
• Severe form of bronchiectasis.
• Tuberculosis.
• Hemoptysis, unspecified.

Such a study is called diagnostic. However, there is also therapeutic bronchofibroscopy, in which pus is removed from the bronchial tree, bleeding is stopped, and obstruction is eliminated.

Examination of the bronchopulmonary system with an endoscope is a highly informative method, and its diagnostic value is great. However, the human factor should also be taken into account when performing this procedure. The result of bronchoscopy largely depends on the qualifications of the doctor.

Examination of the function of external respiration

The study of the function of external respiration allows you to check the performance of the bronchi and lungs. There is nothing difficult for the patient in this procedure. At the command of the doctor, he inhales and exhales air. These volumes are taken into account, and then the required parameters are calculated.

Deviation from the norm indicates the following pathologies:

• Bronchitis.
• Bronchial asthma.
• Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
• emphysema.

Important is the use of bronchodilators when assessing respiratory function. These are drugs that quickly expand the bronchi.

If the volumes of inhaled and exhaled air at the same time increase sharply, we are talking about bronchial asthma. This pathology is extremely common among both adult patients and children. And it is characterized by bronchospasm, which is easily eliminated by bronchodilators.

If, after inhalation of the drug, the indicators change slightly, it is probably an organic lesion of the bronchi - COPD.

Biopsy

Not always a visual picture allows you to immediately establish a diagnosis. And even bronchofibroscopy can be uninformative. To determine what pathology is taking place - a malignant or benign tumor, polyp, infiltrate - it is necessary to conduct a histological examination of the suspicious area.

For this purpose, a biopsy is performed. A biopsy can be taken during bronchofibroscopy.

In addition, lung tissue can be obtained for examination by inserting a special needle through the chest. This method is called percutaneous needle biopsy.

Although a biopsy is not a very traumatic procedure, various complications are possible during its implementation:

• Lung injury.
• Infection.
• Bleeding.

That is why this method is not routinely used, but only according to strict indications. Most often, it is resorted to when cancer of the respiratory system is suspected. The resulting tissue is then examined by histologists and a final diagnosis is established.

Biopsy is the most accurate method, the percentage of errors during its implementation is small. However, there is always a risk of capturing an area of ​​healthy tissue instead of the affected one, so this procedure is also not without drawbacks.

There are various ways to check the lungs and bronchi. Choosing the optimal one is the task of the attending physician during a clinical examination.

The program of examination of patients with pathology of the respiratory system includes a variety of laboratory, instrumental and functional research methods. The necessary volume of diagnostic measures is determined by the doctor in accordance with clinical practice.

Before drawing up a diagnostic scheme, the doctor must examine the patient and conduct a preliminary clinical examination. The main laboratory and instrumental methods for the study of bronchi and lungs:

• Radiography.
• Bronchoscopy.
• CT scan.
• Magnetic resonance imaging.
• Ultrasonography.
• Microbiological analysis of sputum.
• Examination of the pleural fluid.
• Spirography.
• Biopsy of the respiratory system.

An exceptionally highly qualified specialist knows how to properly examine the lungs and bronchi and what methods should be used.

Radiography

To date, radiography remains the main method for diagnosing most diseases of the upper and lower respiratory tract. The main advantages of X-ray examination:

• Differs in universal availability.
• There is no need for special training.
• Without any special difficulties, it is performed in almost all medical institutions.
• Not burdensome for the patient.
• X-ray room, ward, operating room, intensive care unit - everywhere you can take pictures if necessary.
• X-ray images allow you to assess the patient's condition in dynamics.

As a rule, changes in the organs of the respiratory system are quite clearly visible on plain radiographs, and it is not difficult for an experienced specialist to make an accurate diagnosis. Examination of the lungs using radiography makes it possible to establish the localization and prevalence of the pathological process, to identify fluid in the pleural cavity, foci of destruction (decay of the lung tissue) and purulent cavities, as well as to study the state of nearby organs, etc. Relative contraindications for radiography include :

• The patient's condition is extremely grave.
• Marked agitation of the patient.
• Situations requiring emergency surgery (for example, the development of an open pneumothorax or life-threatening bleeding).

CT scan

Computed tomography is considered a modern imaging method for diagnosing diseases of the respiratory system. The sensitivity of the method in the diagnosis of lung pathologies is almost 95%. For radiography, this figure does not exceed 80%. This method allows to detect pathological changes at earlier stages of the disease development. What are the advantages of spiral computed tomography:

• Significantly reduces examination time.
• Reduces patient exposure.
• Able to bring out small foci in the lungs.
• In most cases, it makes it possible to replace angiography.
• There is no need for special patient preparation.

Under the control of computed tomography, a puncture can be performed and biopsy material taken. In addition, evaluate the effectiveness conservative therapy and surgical treatment. Computed tomography helps to accurately determine the localization of the tumor process and to carry out the aiming of radiation during radiotherapy. This significantly reduces the radiation load on the body of a patient suffering from a malignant neoplasm.

Any examination of the lungs and bronchi is carried out only when the consent of the patient or his immediate family is obtained.

Bronchoscopy

Currently, in pulmonological practice, an endoscopic method for examining the respiratory organs called bronchoscopy is widely used. It should be noted that before its appointment, the patient must undergo an x-ray of the chest cavity. The thing is that during the endoscopic procedure, only bronchi up to the sixth order are available for study, and it is not possible to see the terminal sections of the bronchial. What diseases and pathological conditions are indicated for bronchoscopy:

• Chronic bronchitis.
• Bronchiectasis.
• Tuberculosis.
• Benign and malignant neoplasms in the organs of the respiratory system.
• Abscesses and atelectasis of the lungs.
• destructive pneumonia.
• Pulmonary bleeding (to determine the source).
• Foreign bodies in the tracheobronchial tree.
• Prolonged stay on artificial lung ventilation.

The absolute indication is the release of blood with sputum when coughing. Also, if the patient coughs for a long time against the background of ongoing therapy, and there are no radiological signs of damage to the respiratory system, it is recommended to use endoscopic examination. In which diseases or pathological conditions is bronchoscopy contraindicated:

• Severe pulmonary bleeding.
• Severe asthmatic status.
• Acute myocardial infarction.
• Paroxysmal tachycardia.
• Atrial fibrillation.
• Violation of blood circulation in the brain.
• Severe tracheal stenosis.
• Severe pulmonary heart failure.

As clinical statistics show, in about 2% of cases, various complications may occur during a bronchoscopic examination. If bronchoscopy is performed against the background of artificial ventilation of the lungs, the main complications are associated with the use of general anesthesia (pain relief). Patients may experience arrhythmia, a drop in blood pressure, respiratory arrest, etc. Without artificial ventilation of the lungs, spasm of the trachea and bronchi is most often observed. What complications can be encountered directly during a bronchoscopic examination:

• Bleeding when taking biopsy material.
• Pneumothorax - air entering the pleural cavity.
• Bronchospasm.
• Allergic reactions that occur to the introduction medicines into the bronchi.

In the event of bleeding or pneumothorax, emergency surgical intervention is necessary to eliminate the pathological condition that threatens the patient's life.

The doctor who examines the patient must be prepared for the occurrence of complications and act in this case as quickly as possible.

Magnetic resonance imaging

Today, the most informative method of research is the examination of the patient on a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). One of the main advantages, compared with other imaging methods, is the ability to study the state of blood vessels in detail. In the diagnosis of diseases of the respiratory system, magnetic resonance imaging is usually used in doubtful and complex cases.

Another important advantage is the fact that during the MRI examination, the patient and medical staff do not receive radiation exposure. However, if the patient has a pacemaker or other metal implants, magnetic resonance imaging is contraindicated. In addition, the examination usually takes quite a long time, which can be very difficult for seriously ill patients and young children.

Ultrasonography

Ultrasound (ultrasound) is used as an alternative method for diagnosing diseases of the respiratory system. Most often it is used to assess the condition of anatomical areas, such as:

• Pleura.
• Pleural cavity.
• subpleural zones.

It is worth noting that a small accumulation of fluid in the pleural region is better detected by ultrasound than by x-rays. Clinical practice shows that the method is absolutely safe and can be used to diagnose pregnant women and newborns.

Spirography

Many different methods have been developed to qualitatively and quantitatively assess violations of external respiration. The most common functional research method is spirography. Based on the determination of the main indicators of external respiration (for example, vital capacity, forced expiratory volume, etc.), a conclusion is made about the severity of violations of the functional state of the respiratory system. To date, modern computerized devices are used for spirography, which give results in digital terms, which greatly simplifies their interpretation. The method of studying the functions of external respiration is quite simple and fast to perform, and is also not burdensome for the patient.

The doctor examining the patient needs to draw up an optimal diagnostic program that will help determine the suspected disease as soon as possible.

Microbiological analysis of sputum

To establish the causative agent of the infectious and inflammatory pathology of the respiratory system, a microbiological examination of sputum is used. Material for analysis must be taken before the use of antibacterial drugs. However, once treatment is started, stopping it is considered inappropriate. After determining the causative agent of the infection, the sensitivity to various groups of antibiotics is determined. When interpreting the results of microbiological analysis of sputum, clinical data are taken into account.

Examination of the pleural fluid

If an x-ray or any other examination reveals an effusion in the pleural cavity, a puncture is performed and the liquid is removed, which is then sent for microscopic, bacteriological and biochemical analysis. Pleural puncture is performed under local anesthesia. With a large accumulation of fluid in the pleural cavity, its removal is carried out slowly to prevent displacement of nearby organs. In complex or non-standard cases, pleural puncture is performed under the control of ultrasound or computed tomography. What complications can be encountered during this procedure:

• Intrapleural bleeding.
• Air embolism of blood vessels.
• Damage to the lung or other nearby organs.

In order to avoid the development of complications, it is necessary to be able to accurately determine the puncture site and to have a good command of the technique of performing a pleural puncture.

If it is not possible to conduct a basic diagnosis, the subject may be offered alternative research methods.

Biopsy

In some situations, to make a correct diagnosis, a biopsy of the organs of the respiratory system (lungs, bronchi, pleura) is required. Biopsy can be performed by puncture or by bronchoscopy. This is a surgical procedure that is done either under general anesthesia or local anesthesia (pain relief). Often, a biopsy is performed for tuberculosis, lung sarcoidosis, suspected malignancy, etc.

The choice of biopsy method (transbronchial, transthoracic, thoracoscopic, open, etc.) is determined taking into account radiological and bronchoscopic data. The sampling of biopsy material for histological examination should be done exclusively by a highly qualified medical specialist who knows the technique of the surgical procedure.

It should be noted that puncture biopsy, which is considered the most gentle, in comparison with other methods of obtaining tissue material, is recommended to be performed under the control of computed tomography or ultrasound. In such cases, the risk of developing various kinds of complications is minimized.

On x-rays, signs of bronchitis are visible to the naked eye: the walls of the bronchi and the root of the lung are thickened, the pulmonary pattern is changed, small vessels are almost invisible. However, the diagnosis of the disease must be carried out by a doctor - otherwise there is a risk of incorrect interpretation of the image. Read more about how bronchitis is diagnosed and treated in this article.

Angiography

X-ray examination of the vascular system of the lungs with the introduction of a contrast agent into the blood - angiography. This method of medical research is prescribed to patients, if necessary, to further clarify the possibility of surgical treatment of cancer. The method allows to detect pulmonary embolism, the presence of aneurysms on the vessels. Contraindications include the same as in a conventional X-ray examination, as well as personal intolerance to a particular contrast agent.

Bronchography

Bronchography is also a variation of an X-ray examination aimed at identifying pathologies in the region of the bronchial tree. The method allows you to determine the presence of changes in the bronchi, cavities formed after a lung abscess, expansion of the walls of the bronchi due to damage to the bronchial wall. Bronchography is still occasionally used, but is less informative and of less quality than bronchoscopy and computed tomography.

Bronchial arteriography

In order to clarify the location of the source of pulmonary bleeding, the doctor may prescribe bronchial arteriography. Can be replaced by magnetic resonance imaging.

Tracheobronchoscopy

Direct examination of the mucous membranes of the tracheobronchial tree in order to assess their condition is called tracheobronchoscopy or bronchoscopy. The study is performed by a device that consists of a flexible rod and a lighting cable. Often the device has photo and video functions.

At the end of the flexible rod, special manipulators can be placed for biopsy or removal of foreign bodies, if necessary. The procedure can provoke some negative consequences: nasal congestion, numbness, feeling of a "lump" in the throat, difficulty swallowing. They occur due to the use of anesthesia and, as a rule, disappear within an hour. In some cases, the procedure is associated with certain complications: trauma to the walls of the bronchi, bleeding, spasms, allergic reactions, the occurrence of pneumonia, pneumothorax.

The procedure is contraindicated in the following cases:

1. personal intolerance to local anesthesia;
2. suffered a heart attack within the last six months;
3. stroke;
4. hypertension;
5. violation of the heart rhythm;
6. pulmonary, cardiac and vascular insufficiency;
7. exacerbation of bronchial asthma;
8. mental disorders;
9. severe condition of the patient.

A complete list of contraindications must be known to the doctor who prescribes or conducts the study. The presence of contraindications in the patient is clarified by questioning the patient, as well as studying the medical history.

A type of bronchoscopy is laser fluorescent bronchoscopy, based on the ability of malignant cancerous tumor tissues to absorb photosubstance. It is used in patients with suspected cancer.

Radioisotope research

The radioisotope (radionuclide) method of examining the lungs makes it possible to diagnose pathologies in the lungs that can retain or accumulate isotopes, for example, tumors or metastases of thyroid cancer). The study is also informative in the study of ventilation and the passage of fluid in the lungs.

Research of microorganisms

Analysis of histology, cytology and microbiology of sputum, bronchial secretion, as well as biopsy.

Functional Research

Functional methods of examining the lungs and bronchi allow you to collect information about the activity of the respiratory and circulatory organs. They are carried out to determine the general assessment of the patient's condition, for example, when choosing a method of surgical treatment or finding out the possibility of such treatment in general.

In addition to those presented, there are some other special methods for examining the condition of the lungs and bronchi, which make it possible to identify certain pathologies in order to timely prescribe treatment to the patient.

In clinical medicine, this disease is referred to as tracheal bronchitis and is often a complication of previous infectious or colds. What are the causes of the disease? How is inflammation of the bronchi and trachea related?

triggers

Most often, inflammation of the bronchi and trachea appears due to a violation of the protective functions of the immune system and the mucous membrane. The most susceptible to pathology are people who lead the wrong lifestyle:

Smoking is especially dangerous. Tobacco smoke irritates the mucous membrane of the trachea, penetrates deep into the bronchi. In smokers, inflammation of the lung mucosa is permanent, and the treatment has a long period. Often the disease affects people who are exposed to frequent stressful situations, emotionally unstable.

Symptoms

For each stage of the disease of the respiratory tract of an inflammatory nature, common symptoms are characteristic:

• sore throat;
• dry painful cough;
• general malaise;
• pain in the chest area caused by coughing;
• increased sweating;
• body temperature can rise up to 38 degrees;
• difficulty with deep breathing;
• hoarse voice.

Inflammation of the bronchi and trachea has the main symptom, which is expressed by a cough with purulent sputum. It occurs against the background of inflammatory processes, and can be paroxysmal, painful, especially at night. Often the temperature rises, which indicates the spread of infection. At this time, there are complaints of headaches, a feeling of aching in the joints.

Inflammation of the bronchi and trachea can be protracted, which has a long period of impact on the body. According to the symptoms, several types of development of inflammation of the trachea and bronchi are distinguished.

allergic inflammation

The following symptoms are characteristic of the allergic form of the disease:

• dry cough, especially at night, with sputum;
• clear rales are heard in the lungs;
• pain in the chest;
• feeling unwell, weak;
• the temperature may rise slightly.

Allergic inflammation of the bronchi and trachea is often observed in patients who have been under the influence of an allergen for a long time. For example, dust, pet undercoat, pollen and others.

Acute period of inflammation

Diffuse inflammatory process of the mucous membrane of the trachea and bronchi is caused by a decrease in the body's resistance external environment, pathogens are viruses and bacteria (staphylococci, streptococci and others), which are the cause of acute respiratory viral diseases.

This stage of inflammation requires immediate therapy. Untimely treatment can cause a number of serious complications, including respiratory failure, damage to the walls of the bronchi. Typical symptoms of acute inflammation of the bronchi are:

• painful dry cough;
• wheezing during breathing and listening;
• dyspnea;
• chest pain from coughing.

Children are especially difficult to endure the acute phase of inflammation. It is fraught with complications. It is important to conduct an X-ray examination in time to exclude other diseases of the pulmonary system. Due to untimely or incorrectly performed treatment, purulent inflammation may begin. There is an accumulation of sputum and purulent secretions that come out during a cough, causing a gag reflex.

Chronic stage of inflammation

For chronic form disease is characterized by the following signs and symptoms:

• exacerbation of chronic bronchitis;
• atrophic changes in the tracheal mucosa;
• an active cough that lasts more than three months a year;
• secretion of purulent sputum;
• persistent chest pain.

The chronic stage occurs in the absence of proper treatment of the acute or allergic form, as a rule, in people who smoke or those who work in dusty conditions.

Airway obstruction

Obstructive inflammation is characterized by the formation of edema and spasms in the bronchi, the formation of mucous plugs. With this type of inflammation, ventilation and patency in the bronchi are disturbed. Smokers, young children are at risk. Symptoms of obstructive tracheal bronchitis are:

• shortness of breath, wheezing, fever;
• swelling of the lower extremities;
• blue tint of lips, nail area;
• swollen veins in the neck.

Diagnostics

Differential diagnosis of inflammation of the trachea and bronchi in children and adults begins with auscultation, percussion of the patient's lungs to detect wheezing and other signs of a respiratory system disease. To clarify the diagnosis, an X-ray examination is prescribed.

Laboratory examination of sputum secreted determines the absence or presence of other diseases of the bronchopulmonary system. Microbiological examination allows you to identify bacteria and establish sensitivity to antibiotics. With frequent bronchopulmonary inflammation, bronchoscopy is prescribed.

Treatment

An integrated approach is used to treat the infectious form of tracheal bronchitis. Medical treatment includes antiviral (Anaferon, Arbidol and others) and antibacterial drugs, which include broad-spectrum antibiotics (Penicillin, Oxacillin).

In case of allergic inflammation, antihistamines are prescribed. To improve the separation of sputum, expectorant, mucolytic medicines(Mukoltin, Bromhexine). As a complex therapy, physiotherapy procedures are administered in the form of inhalations.

They directly affect the cause of the disease, give an anti-inflammatory, bronchodilator effect, reducing the viscosity of sputum, improving its excretion. As a solution for inhalation, herbal infusions, mucolytic agents, and antibiotics are used. As an additional treatment for tracheobronchitis, mustard plasters are used, which restore the drainage functions of the bronchi and alleviate coughing.

A special massage greatly facilitates the course of the disease. Vibration and percussion massage techniques are used. Breathing exercises promote better coughing and sputum removal.

Complications

When the inflammation of the bronchi and trachea is recurrent, then we can judge the development of complications. The main reason is the lack of necessary treatment. Gradually, the disease becomes chronic. Complications include the following diseases:

• emphysema;
• bronchopneumonia;
• acute respiratory failure.

To avoid the occurrence of complications, it is necessary to consult a pulmonologist at the first symptoms of inflammation.

Prevention

To prevent inflammation of the bronchi and trachea, it is important to treat colds and infectious diseases in time. During an epidemic of acute respiratory viral infections, try to avoid visiting crowded places. Wear a mask, practice good hygiene. Hardening, physical activity, walking in the fresh air, airing the premises are the main preventive measures to combat the disease.

During illness, you should stop smoking and drinking alcoholic beverages. Bad habits aggravate the patient's condition and increase the recovery time. You also need to eat right.

The information is given for general information only and should not be used for self-treatment.

Do not self-medicate, it can be dangerous. Always consult your doctor.

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Tracheitis. Causes, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment of the disease. Prevention and effective treatment of tracheitis in children and adults.

The site provides background information. Adequate diagnosis and treatment of the disease is possible under the supervision of a conscientious physician.

Anatomical features of the trachea

• cervical - the upper part, the trachea, which departs from the larynx and is located in the neck;
• chest - the lower part, located inside the chest.

In front of the aorta is the thyroid gland (in children - also the thymus gland), the aortic arch. Behind is the esophagus. The open parts of the tracheal rings face just backwards, so that food can pass freely.

The inner surface of the trachea is lined with a mucous membrane. With the development of the inflammatory process, it swells, turns red.

Causes of tracheitis

• Hypothermia. At low temperatures, a spasm of the vessels of the mucous membrane of the respiratory tract occurs. As a result, defense mechanisms are disrupted. Conditionally pathogenic microorganisms are activated: they are constantly on the mucous membrane and cannot cause a disease normally, but become pathogenic when the body “gives up slack”.
• Weakened immunity. It can be caused by frequent and prolonged infections, serious illnesses, starvation, beriberi and other causes. With severe disorders, tracheitis can turn into bronchitis and pneumonia - inflammation of the lungs.
• Allergic reactions. Allergy can also lead to inflammatory processes in the tracheal mucosa. In turn, allergic reactions can be the result of food allergies (in children), hereditary predisposition, contact with various chemicals, prolonged infections, etc.
• Foreign bodies of the trachea. When a foreign object enters the trachea, local inflammation develops on the mucous membrane. The body tries to bring the foreign body out.
• Smoking. Tobacco smoke is a powerful respiratory irritant. In general, smoking increases the tendency to any respiratory infections.
• Alcohol consumption. Ethyl alcohol depresses the immune system, especially if you drink alcohol in in large numbers. If a person suffers from alcoholism, then it often happens that during vomiting, the contents of the stomach enter the respiratory tract, causing inflammation on the mucous membrane.
• Air pollution. Vapors, dust, aerosols of various chemical substances have a damaging effect on the respiratory tract. They cause irritation of the mucous membrane of the trachea and bronchi, cause inflammation and allergic reactions. Such occupational hazards are present in many enterprises and laboratories.
• Diseases of other organs. Tracheitis often occurs against the background of diseases of the heart and kidneys (in this case, the supply of blood and oxygen to the lungs and respiratory tract), emphysema (bloating) of the lungs (ventilation is disturbed).

Classification of tracheitis. What types of tracheitis are there?

• acute tracheitis: more common, the course and symptoms resemble the usual acute respiratory infections;
• chronic tracheitis: has its own symptoms, usually a complication of acute tracheitis.

Origin:

• primary tracheitis develops independently and is not associated with other diseases (rare);
• secondary tracheitis occurs against the background of other infectious diseases of the respiratory tract.

Classification of secondary tracheitis depending on the combination with other diseases (the most common forms):

• rhinopharyngotracheitis - inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nose, pharynx and trachea;
• laryngotracheitis - inflammation of the larynx and trachea;
• tracheobronchitis - inflammation of the mucous membrane of the trachea and bronchi.

Classification of tracheitis depending on the cause:

• infectious tracheitis - the most common variety, caused by pathogens;
• allergic tracheitis - inflammation of the tracheal mucosa, the main cause of which are allergic reactions.

Types of infectious tracheitis:

• Bacterial. Most often it is caused by Staphylococcus aureus, streptococci, Haemophilus influenzae.
• Viral. Pathogens - influenza virus, parainfluenza and other viruses that cause acute respiratory infections.
• Fungal. Occurs rarely. It is caused by fungi of the genus Aspergillus (aspergillosis, Actinomyces (actinomycosis), Candida (candidiasis). The common name for all fungal lesions of the trachea is tracheomycosis. Most often they develop against the background of a pronounced decrease in immunity.
• Mixed. Often tracheitis begins as viral infection, to which the bacterial one then joins.

Symptoms of tracheitis

Symptoms of acute viral tracheitis

• Cough is the main symptom of tracheitis. By nature, he is rude, "like a barrel." At first the cough is dry, then it becomes wet, with sputum discharge. His attacks usually occur at night.
• Pain in the interscapular region, behind the sternum. Occurs during bouts of coughing, has a stabbing character.
• General disorder. Body temperature rises, often up to 38⁰C. The patient feels weakness, drowsiness, increased fatigue. Sometimes the subcutaneous lymph nodes are enlarged.
• Associated symptoms. Associated with respiratory diseases, against which tracheitis develops. It can be a sore throat, nasal congestion, sneezing, etc.

Symptoms of acute bacterial tracheitis

Symptoms of fungal tracheitis

• cough in the form of attacks: dry or with sputum;
• sputum that is released during a cough consists of mucus and pus, it contains inclusions in the form of lumps;
• an increase in temperature, which, as a rule, does not reach 38⁰C;
• rhinitis (inflammation of the nasal mucosa) associated with allergic reactions;
• sometimes periodically there are attacks of bronchospasm, as in bronchial asthma.

Symptoms can make it very difficult to distinguish Aspergillus tracheobronchitis from Aspergillus pneumonia (pneumonia). An additional examination is needed.

• Difficulty breathing, up to attacks of suffocation. This occurs due to the fact that fungi lead to the growth in the lumen of the trachea of ​​a pathological tumor-like formation - actinomycoma. Over time, scar tissue grows in the lumen of the trachea, leading to an even greater narrowing.
• Fistulas. First, they form on the wall of the trachea, and then go outside, to the surface of the skin. They are treated surgically.

• Cough. It resembles that of viral and bacterial tracheitis.
• Difficulty breathing.
• Feeling of itching, burning, soreness behind the sternum or between the shoulder blades. These symptoms are due to the fact that the fungus forms a film on the mucous membrane of the trachea, which leads to irritation.
• An increase in body temperature (usually up to 37⁰C) and manifestations of allergies. Occur only with exacerbation of candidal infection.

Subglottic tracheitis

• obsessive loud "barking" cough;
• respiratory disorders;
• a sore throat;
• hoarseness of voice.

Very often, subglottic tracheitis cannot be distinguished from laryngitis. ENT doctors treat them as one disease.

Chronic tracheitis

• smoking and alcohol abuse;
• a strong decrease in immunity;
• occupational hazards and unfavorable ecology;
• emphysema;
• heart and kidney disease;
• chronic runny nose, chronic sinusitis (inflammation of the paranasal sinuses, for example, maxillary - sinusitis).

What happens in the mucous membrane of the trachea in chronic tracheitis?

• atrophic. The mucous membrane of the trachea undergoes atrophy, becomes thinner.
• Hypertrophic. The mucous membrane of the trachea grows, swells. At the same time, there is proliferation of blood vessels.

Symptoms of atrophic tracheitis:

• cough that develops in the form of excruciating attacks;
• most often the cough is dry, but it can also be with sputum;
• stitching pains behind the sternum and between the shoulder blades during attacks of coughing.

In children and the elderly, there is a high probability of complications: tracheitis often turns into bronchitis, bronchiolitis (inflammation of the small bronchi).

Diagnosis of tracheitis

Which doctor should you contact if you have symptoms of tracheitis?

Examination and questioning in the doctor's office

Laboratory and instrumental methods for diagnosing tracheitis

This makes it possible to fully examine the lungs and the pattern of the bronchial tree.

The study is conducted to distinguish tracheitis from bronchitis and pneumonia.

• laryngotracheoscopy - endoscopic examination of the larynx and trachea;
• tracheobronchoscopy is an endoscopic examination of the trachea and bronchi.

The study is carried out using a flexible endoscope inserted into the trachea (with tracheobronchoscopy, a tube from a fibrogastroscope is used).

Signs of tracheitis during endoscopic examination:

• bright red edematous mucous membrane of the trachea - with acute tracheitis;
• pinpoint hemorrhages on the mucous membrane of the trachea - with acute tracheitis caused by the influenza virus or other viral infection;
• strongly thickened mucous membrane, which has a bluish tint, the border between the rings is practically not defined - in chronic hypertrophic tracheitis;
• dry and thin mucous membrane of the trachea, which has a pale pink color and covered with crusts - with chronic atrophic tracheitis.

These studies help to establish the pathogen that caused the disease, to choose the right antibiotics.

How to treat tracheitis?

Medications

• in the form of tablets: 800 mg per day (maximum dose - 1200 mg per day);
• in the form of injections: 400 mg 2 times a day intravenously for 1 hour, dissolving required amount solution of the drug from the ampoule in 250 ml of 5% glucose solution.

Forms of drug release:

• in tablets of 400 mg;
• in ampoules of 5 ml and 400 mg of the drug (80 mg / ml).

The drug is not used during pregnancy, breastfeeding, under the age of 18.

Use in children aged 2 weeks to 12 years: 20 - 80 mg per kilogram of body weight per day. If less than 50 mg of the drug is obtained per kilogram of body weight per day, then ceftriaxone can be administered intramuscularly, otherwise only intravenously in the form of a dropper.

The main contraindication is allergic reactions to cephalosporins and penicillins. When prescribing the drug during pregnancy, the doctor should assess the ratio of the need for the drug for the woman and the degree of risk to the fetus.

Release form: in bottles in the form of a powder, from which a solution for injection is prepared.

• amoxicillin is a broad-spectrum antibiotic effective against many types of pathogens;
• Clavulanic acid is a substance that inhibits the activity of bacterial enzymes that protect bacteria from the action of an antibiotic. Thus, a high degree of effectiveness of the drug is achieved.

• tablets (0.25 and 0.5 g of amoxicillin and 0.125 g of clavulanic acid);
• suspension (5 ml each, containing amoxicillin 0.125 g or 0.25 g, clavulanic acid - 0.03 g and 0.06 g, respectively);
• powder for solution for injection in vials of 0.6 and 1.2 g (respectively, 0.5 g and 1.0 g of amoxicillin, 0.1 and 0.2 g of clavulanic acid.)

How to use:

• in adults and children over 14 years old - 1 tablet 3 times a day;
• in children under 14 years old - 0.5 - 2 teaspoons of suspension 3 times a day.

Intravenous injection of a solution for injection is carried out every 6 to 8 hours, the dose is 1.2 g of the drug. Children under 14 years old - at the rate of 30 mg per kg of body weight.

Contraindication to the appointment of amoxiclav - individual hypersensitivity to the drug and its components.

The drug is available in vials as a metered aerosol. One dose contains 0.125 mg of the drug. The vial contains 400 doses.

Inhale 4 doses by mouth every 4 hours for 10 days. In severe cases, increase the number of doses to 6.

The drug is not used in children under the age of 2.5 years, as there is a risk of spasm of the larynx.

In tablets (usually 500 mg of active ingredient).

The drug is used in adults and children over 14 years of age. Take 1 - 2 g (2 - 4 tablets of 500 mg) in 2 - 3 doses per day.

• significant violations of liver function;
• hypersensitivity to other macrolide antibiotics: erythromycin, azithromycin, clarithromycin, etc.

• antibacterial;
• anti-inflammatory;
• local anesthetic: elimination of irritation of the tracheal mucosa.

• resorption of one lozenge under the tongue 3 times a day;
• spraying 2 doses of aerosol on inspiration 3 times a day.

Tablets of 0.4 g.

Methods of application and doses:

• adults - 1 tablet (0.4 g) 3 times a day;
• children - 20 - 50 mg per kg of body weight, divided into 2 - 3 doses.

Contraindications:

Significant impairment of kidney function.

Cefotaxime is available as a powder for injections of 0.25, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 g.

Methods of application and dosage:

Adults and children over 12 years of age are prescribed 1.0 g of Cefotaxime as an intramuscular injection every 8 hours.

• children under the age of 2.5 years;
• pregnancy;
• enterocolitis;
• increased bleeding.

• dextromethorphan hydrobromide - a substance that suppresses the activity of the cough nerve center in the brain;
• terpine hydrate - an expectorant that stimulates the glands located in the wall of the trachea and bronchi, helps to thin the secretion;
• levomenthol - eliminates bronchospasm, facilitates breathing and improves the patient's condition.

In the form of lozenges (4 and 10 pieces each). Each lozenge contains:

• dextromethorphan hydrobromide - 2 mg;
• terpine hydrate - 2 mg;
• levomentholamkg.

Method of application in adults: 2-5 lozenges 3-4 times a day. The maximum quantity is 20 lozenges per day.

Method of application in children aged 7 - 12 years:

Take 1-2 lozenges 3-4 times a day. The maximum number is 8 lozenges per day.

Method of application in children aged 4 - 6 years:

1 lozenge 3-4 times a day. The maximum amount is 4 lozenges per day.

Contraindications for use:

• during an attack of bronchial asthma;
• during pregnancy and breastfeeding;
• in children under 4 years of age;
• with increased individual sensitivity to the ingredients that make up the drug.

• effervescent tablets of 0.1, 0.2, 0.6 g (20 or 50 tablets per pack);
• granules in sachets of 0.2 and 0.6 g for solution preparation and oral administration;
• solution for inhalation 20% in ampoules of 5 and 10 ml;
• solution for injection in ampoules: 5% - 10 ml and 10% - 2 and 3 ml each.

How to use:

In the form of tablets and solution of granules:

• adults and children over 14 years old: 0.4 - 0.6 g per day (divided into two doses);
• children under 14 years old - 0.2 g per day;
• children under 6 years old - 0.1 g per day;
• children under 2 years old - 0.05 g per day.

Tablets are taken after meals.

2 - 5 ml of a 10% solution 3 - 4 times during the day. Duration of inhalation - 15 - 20 minutes.

Inside the trachea (performed according to special indications by a doctor in a hospital):

1 ml of 10% solution every hour.

The composition of the tablet includes:

• primrose extract dry extract - 60 mg;
• thyme dry extract - 160 mg.

The effects of the drug:

• expectorant: thinning and excretion of sputum;
• anti-inflammatory;
• elimination of bronchospasm.

The drug is available in the form of tablets.

The drug is prescribed for adults and children over 12 years of age. Take 1 tablet 3 times a day.

Plants that make up the syrup:

• long pepper extract;
• real cardamom extract;
• extract of ginger present;
• yellow nightshade extract;
• long turmeric extract;
• holy basil extract;
• adatoda wasika extract;
• bare licorice extract.

• adults and children over 14 years old - 2 teaspoons 3 times a day;
• children from 6 to 14 years old - 0.5 - 1 teaspoon 3 times a day;
• children from 3 to 5 years - 0.5 teaspoon 3 times a day.

The usual duration of treatment is 2 to 3 weeks.

Increased individual sensitivity to the ingredients that make up the drug.

Drugs used for tracheitis in some cases, according to indications

• Analgin;
• Aspirin;
• Paracetamol;
• Ibuprofen (Nurofen).

• Suprastin;
• Diazolin;
• Tavegil;
• Pipolfen;
• Zyrtec.

• Interferon;
• Grippferon;
• Remantadine;
• Arbidol.

**Any medications should be taken only as directed by a doctor. Self-medication may be ineffective and lead to a worsening of the condition. This information is presented for informational purposes only.

Using a nebulizer for tracheitis

Rules for choosing a nebulizer for the treatment of tracheitis and other respiratory diseases:

• Device type. There are three main types of nebulizers: ultrasonic (the drug evaporates using ultrasound), compressor (the formation of an aerosol under the action of a jet of air), electronic mesh (the drug solution passes through a special mesh, resulting in an aerosol). Ultrasound devices are not the best choice, as under the action of ultrasound many medicinal substances are destroyed.
• Residual amount of medication. This indicator characterizes the volume of the medicinal substance that remains in the nebulizer chamber after inhalation. The lower this figure, the better.
• Performance. Shows the volume of the medicinal substance that leaves the nebulizer in the form of an aerosol per unit of time. The greater the performance, the less time the inhalation procedure lasts (higher speed).
• The operating time of the device. Inexpensive models of nebulizers cannot work all the time. They require a break after each use. It's not very convenient.
• Possible ways of processing. The best treatment for the nebulizer chamber is boiling. But manufacturers do not always provide for the possibility of heating to a high temperature.

The nebulizer for tracheitis is used strictly according to indications, only in accordance with the doctor's prescriptions.

Lifestyle advice for patients with tracheitis

• avoid hypothermia;
• do not talk for a long time and loudly, do not put excessive stress on the vocal cords, especially with subglottic tracheitis;
• stop smoking or at least minimize the number of cigarettes smoked;
• avoid intense physical activity;
• at elevated body temperature - bed rest.

Alternative methods of treatment of tracheitis *

herbal mixture inhalation

• dried eucalyptus leaves;
• dried chamomile flowers;
• pine buds;
• dried mint herb;
• dried sage leaves.

All this must be mixed and pour a glass of boiling water. It can then be used in two ways:

• if there is an inhaler, then pour it into it and carry out inhalations;
• if there is no inhaler: pour into a pot of hot water, bend over the pot and cover with a warm blanket, inhale for 15 minutes.

Inhalations with propolis

• beeswax - 60 g
• propolis - 40 g

Mix and put in a water bath for half an hour. Take off. Breathe over the hot mixture for 15 minutes 2 times a day.

Compress of honey and mustard

• honey;
• mustard powder;
• vegetable oil.

Mix. Heat up in a water bath. Add 1.5 tablespoons of vodka. Wrap in gauze and make a compress. Leave overnight.

What else can you do inhalation with tracheitis?

• essential oils: eucalyptus, fir, spruce, pine, etc.;
• garlic: just like conifers, this plant contains phytoncides that can destroy pathogenic microorganisms;
• soda: ordinary table soda is able to thin sputum, has an expectorant effect.

*Any folk remedies can be used in the treatment of tracheitis only after consulting a doctor. Most of the described methods are only suitable for bacterial or viral infectious tracheitis. If allergic tracheitis occurs, then their use can lead to a worsening of the condition.

Features of the treatment of tracheitis in children

Why is tracheitis in a child more dangerous than in an adult?

• Plentiful warm drink. A child can be given sweet warm tea with lemon, citrus juices (orange, grapefruit), rosehip infusion, mineral water with lemon juice.
• Distracting procedures *. Most often, mustard plasters are used on the chest between the shoulder blades. Various compresses are used (with camphor alcohol, honey, horseradish, etc.).
• Inhalations*. Children are given all the same inhalations as adults. It is advisable to use a good quality nebulizer.
• Antibiotics and expectorants. Methods of application and dosage for children are indicated above in the table for the treatment of tracheitis in adults.

* Distracting procedures and inhalations for children with tracheitis should not be carried out without the supervision of a doctor, since under certain conditions they can provoke an attack of croup.

Physiotherapy used for tracheitis in children

• high price;
• ultrasound destroys some drugs, so the possibilities for the use of such inhalers are limited.

UHF currents have the following effects on the body:

• heat generation and deep heating;
• anti-inflammatory action;
• elimination of bronchospasm.

• heat generation, deep heating;
• anti-inflammatory and analgesic effect;
• elimination of bronchospasm;
• normalization of the work of internal organs, the formation of mucus in the trachea and bronchi.

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How to check the bronchi?

Frequent cases of diseases such as bronchitis and / or tracheobronchitis suggest not only reduced immunity, but also the presence of chronic inflammatory processes in the mucosa lining the trachea and bronchi. How to check the bronchi?

To conduct a study of the bronchi and trachea, an endoscope is used, which allows not only to conduct a visual examination of the state of the mucous membrane of these organs, but also makes it possible to take biomaterial for laboratory microscopic examination for the presence of pathogenic microorganisms and neoplasms.

The procedure for examining the bronchi and trachea using an endoscope is called "bronchoscopy".

Bronchoscopic examination is carried out in the presence of local anesthesia or general anesthesia. The instrument (bronchofiberscope) is inserted into the trachea and bronchi through the mouth or nose.

Since the introduction of a bronchoscope is associated with certain difficulties, when the trachea and bronchi are patency, the absence of a cough reflex, there are a number of contraindications for bronchoscopy:

• Severe respiratory failure
• Epilepsy,
• Blood clotting disorders or presence of bleeding at the time of examination,
• Severe form of asthma
• Cardiac ischemia,
• Allergy to painkillers.

Bronchoscopy, in addition to diagnosing the condition of the trachea and bronchi, can:

• serve as a means for the introduction of drugs directly into the bronchi,
• perform drainage of the bronchial tree,
• makes it possible to stop bleeding in a hard-to-reach place of the upper and lower respiratory tract,
• facilitate the installation of dilators to change the lumen of the trachea and bronchi,
• help remove foreign bodies from the trachea or bronchi.

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ATTENTION! The information posted on the site is intended to expand the horizons in the field of medicine and related sciences. All described methods of treatment are of a general nature and cannot be used without individual correction by a doctor based on laboratory and hardware diagnostics. DO NOT self-medicate! DO NOT experiment with your health!

tracheal cancer

What is tracheal cancer

Pathogenesis (what happens?) during Tracheal Cancer:

However, these tumors develop slowly, and patients sometimes live with the tumor for 3 to 5 years or more.

Distant metastases can be found in the thyroid, pleura, lungs, liver, kidneys, adrenals, peritoneum, pancreas, spine, ribs, skin, and even the heart.

Tracheal Cancer Symptoms:

Diagnosis of Cancer of the trachea:

Treatment for tracheal cancer:

Which doctors should you contact if you have Tracheal Cancer:

Are you worried about something? Do you want to know more detailed information about Tracheal Cancer, its causes, symptoms, methods of treatment and prevention, the course of the disease and diet after it? Or do you need an inspection? You can make an appointment with a doctor - the Eurolab clinic is always at your service! The best doctors will examine you, study external signs and help to identify the disease by symptoms, advise you and provide the necessary assistance and make a diagnosis. You can also call a doctor at home. The Eurolab clinic is open for you around the clock.

The phone number of our clinic in Kiev: (+3 (multi-channel). The clinic secretary will select a convenient day and hour for you to visit the doctor. Our coordinates and directions are listed here. Look in more detail about all the services of the clinic on its personal page.

If you have previously performed any studies, be sure to take their results for a consultation with a doctor. If the studies have not been completed, we will do everything necessary in our clinic or with our colleagues in other clinics.

You? You need to be very careful about your overall health. People do not pay enough attention to the symptoms of diseases and do not realize that these diseases can be life-threatening. There are many diseases that at first do not manifest themselves in our body, but in the end it turns out that, unfortunately, it is too late to treat them. Each disease has its own specific signs, characteristic external manifestations - the so-called symptoms of the disease. Identifying symptoms is the first step in diagnosing diseases in general. To do this, it is simply necessary to be examined by a doctor several times a year in order not only to prevent a terrible disease, but also to maintain healthy mind in the body and the body as a whole.

If you want to ask a doctor a question, use the online consultation section, perhaps you will find answers to your questions there and read tips on self-care. If you are interested in reviews about clinics and doctors, try to find the information you need in the All Medicine section. Also, register on the Eurolab medical portal to be constantly up to date with the latest news and information updates on the site, which will be automatically sent to you by mail.

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