Whether it's snowing, whether the sun shines brightly, painting the sparkling sparks of snow in all the colors of the rainbow, and it's winter outside, despite the calendar spring...

In past years, when the Volga was not yet so polluted and poisoned with all kinds of chemicals, the water in the river froze to a considerable depth, withstanding not only crowds of people, but also heavy trucks. Even herds of elephants and bison released onto the ice at the same time would not have broken it. Every weekend people - some on skis, some on foot - moved in an avalanche towards the embankment. Some went to the other side of the river and walked in the forest, others only got to the sandy spit where the willow grew.

Our ancestors believed that if you go to the deepest part of the forest, where the rays of the sun do not penetrate even on the clearest day, find a willow there, make a pipe out of it, then its sound can amuse any princess Nesmeyana.

And our ancestors also brought their disease to willow. To do this, the sufferer girded himself with a straw belt, and then late in the evening, hiding from human eyes, he went to a young willow and girded it with a straw belt removed from himself.

The willow consecrated in the church is kept until the next Palm Sunday, as protection from evil spirits and diseases.

Many folk omens are also associated with willow. They looked at the arable harvest: “If there are thick lambs on the top of the willow, then the first sowing will give a good harvest, and if there are thick lambs at the bottom of the willow, then the last sowing will be better than the first.”

But, probably, most grateful people love willow because it awakens spring in their souls and fills them with joy, despite the snow and morning frosts. After all, if the willow blossomed, then soon the displeased grunting old woman winter will throw her modest bundle over her shoulders and go to distant lands, and a young and beautiful Spring will come to us! And the willow is the first to tell us about it.

Very common plants in the middle part of Russia. Most species of willows love moisture and settle in damp places, while relatively few species grow in dry places (on slopes, sands, etc.) and in swamps. Willow is also found in forests, as a mixture with other trees.

The appearance of willows is very diverse: among them there are tall trees ( Salix alba, Salix fragilis, Salix caprea) and shrubs ( Salix viminalis, Salix daphnoides, Salix purpurea), sometimes quite small, squat, creeping along the ground ( Salix lapponica, Salix repens var. rosmarinifolia, Salix myrtilloides); in polar countries and on high mountains, in upland areas, even smaller dwarf willows grow, such as ( Salix herbacea, Salix reticulata), very small shrubs, not higher than 2.5 centimeters, and not exceeding the mosses, among which they grow.

Evolution and distribution

Willows appeared on Earth quite early, the prints of their leaves come across in the sediments of the Cretaceous formation.

Various types of willow are called: willow, willow, sheluga, willow (large trees and shrubs, mainly in the western regions of the European part of Russia); vine, vine (shrub species); tal, willow (mostly shrub species, in the eastern regions of the European part, in Siberia and Central Asia).

Due to the ability to give adventitious roots, willows are easily propagated by cuttings and even stakes (with the exception of Salix caprea- nonsense, or goat willow). Seeds lose their germination within a few days; only in the willow five-star ( Salix pentandra) seeds remain viable until next spring.

Botanical description

The foliage of some species of willows is dense, curly, Green colour, others have a more rare transparent, gray-green or gray-white color.

The botanical history of the willow begins in the 1st century. Pliny the Elder, author of the famous Natural History in 37 books, was the first scientist to describe eight types of willow.

Synonyms

• Pleiarina Raf., Alsogr. amer. . 1838.

Kinds

Some famous species:

Economic importance and application

Many species are decorative, for example: brittle willow ( Salix fragilis), basket willow ( Salix viminalis). Thanks to large catkins that bloom long before the leaves appear, and the reddish color of the bark with a wax coating, willow shoots are very decorative ( Salix acutifolia), which is why they break off in the mass in the spring.

Willow roots are characterized by abundant development and numerous branches and therefore are especially suitable for strengthening loose soils and sands (Shelyuga, Caspian willow). Willow breeding is successfully used in regulating mountain streams, fixing the banks of canals and rivers, slopes of dams (white willow, brittle willow), cliffs and slopes. In anti-erosion plantings in forest-steppe and steppe regions (white willow, brittle willow, willow twig), for field-protective and roadside forest belts on more humid soils, to delay the movement of volatile continental sands.

Willow wood is very light and soft, rots quickly, is used for many crafts and for the manufacture of wooden utensils.

The leafy branches of the willow are fed to animals, especially goats and sheep. Valuable honey plants.

The bark of many willows (for example, gray, goat, white) is used for tanning leather.

Branches of a young willow are used in the Orthodox tradition on Palm Sunday instead of palm leaves.

In treeless areas, willow is used as a building material.

Application in medicine

According to research by Nikitin (autumn) and Smirnov (spring), willow bark contains tannin: bredina - 12.12% and 6.43%, ashen - 10.91% and 5.31%, willows - 9.39% and 4.37%, willows - 9.39% and 4.68%, yellowwort - 9 .39% and 4.62% ). In terms of the content of vegetable glycoside - salicin - the bark of the yellowberry is the richest.

Many other willows are also of industrial importance as a source of "willow bark", including the three-stamen willow ( Salix triandra L.), five-starred willow ( Salix pentandra L.), eared willow ( Salix aurita L.), dewy willow ( Salix rorida Lacksch.), willow myrikoleaf ( Salix myrsinifolia Salisb.) and etc.

The leaves of some species contain salidroside, flavonoids, tannins. Of the flavonoids, luteolin derivatives, which have antiviral effects, predominate. In medical practice, the leaves of willow are used ( Salix acutifolia Willd.) to obtain luteolin standard and luteolin-7-glucoside standard.

Willow bark has an antibiotic effect. IN folk medicine A decoction of the bark is used in the treatment of colds. The bark of some species contains the glycoside salicin, which has medicinal value. Willow bark extracts, due to the presence of salicylates, have an anti-inflammatory effect. Salicylic acid was first discovered in willow, hence its name.

Willow forestry

Of the many species and varieties of willows in forestry, the following deserve attention:

• white, willow, willow, willow ( Salix alba L., with variety Salix alba var. vitellina);
• brittle, willow, black ( Salix fragilis L., with variety Salix russeliana Sm.);
• basket, basket-maker, bodywork, belotal, verbaloz, vine, small-kitnik, talazhchanik ( Salix viminalis L., with variety Salix molissima);
• almond-leaved, willow, krasnoloz, tala, willow ( Salix amygdalina L., Salix triandra L.);
• yellow vine, willow vine, talnik ( Salix purpurea L., Salix helix Koch, with varieties Salix lambertiana And Salix uralensis);
• shelyuga, verbalosis (Khark.), reddish ( Salix acutifolia Wild., Salix caspica);
• loholist ( Salix hyppofaefolia, Salix viminalis × Salix amygdalina);
• Roman ( Salix smithiana, Salix capraea × Salix viminalis)
• mix: Salix purpurea × Salix viminalis.

Although willows grow on all soils, deep loam or sandy loam, loose and moderately moist, are more suitable for them. The most demanding on the soil Salix viminalis; shelyuga prefers light sandy soil, and only Salix purpurea And Salix alba; stagnation of water in the soil adversely affects the growth of willows. When laying "willows", or "willow thickets", the soil is cultivated in autumn to a depth of 30-80 cm, depending on its fertility and dryness, so that the upper vegetative layer is turned down, which is achieved by manual processing of 1-3 bayonets with a shovel, or by making furrows with two plows going one after the other, with a subsoiler. Planting is done in spring by cuttings - parts of one-year-old twigs, 25-30 cm long, cut in autumn and kept until spring in the cellar. The cuttings are placed in rows running from the southeast to the northwest, with a distance between them of 30-40 cm and in a row of 10-20 cm, which will be from 125,000 to 333,333 cuttings per hectare, while on loose soil they are stuck directly by hand, and on dense soil - into a hole made by an iron rod, flush with the soil surface, without leaving the ends of the cuttings outside. enka. But when breeding some willows, for example, when laying “sheluga” on loose sands, they directly put the branches of the shelyuga into the plow furrows, one after the other, covering them with a layer of sand raised during the next furrow. In the same way, for a topless economy, willows are bred with stakes - 2-3 arshins in length and 1-3 inches in thickness, 1/3 of the length stuck into the soil.

In accordance with the distribution of willows in a given area, plantings are distinguished:

• solid, or field, when the entire area is allocated for it, except for ditches and roads;
• ordinary, very different kind: A) intermittent- stripes, 1-3 m wide, alternating with fields or vineyards; b) garden- on bogs and peat bogs, when willows are grown on ridges formed between ditches by earth taken out of the latter; V) ditch- in which rods bent by a ring are stuck with their ends into the walls of a ditch, etc.
• nesting, used to strengthen slopes, slopes, river banks, etc., consisting in planting several cuttings on a site of spiked soil, in a group, or in laying them out along the walls of a pit, then covered with earth, or in placing two rods, curved in arcs and crossing each other into a hole made by a stake, and so on.

Willow care consists in manually loosening the soil between rows, removing weeds, hilling stumps with earth, and even fertilizing the soil - Peruvian guano, Strassfurt salts or compost that has lain for a year. Adversely affect the management of willows: hail, late spring frosts, grazing.

Selection

Weeping willows, especially man-made ones, are one of the most confusing groups of plants. Weeping willows most adapted to harsh conditions are hybrids between Babylon willow ( Salix babylonica), white ( Salix alba), brittle ( Salix fragilis) and lovely ( Salix x blanda). Many of these hybrids also suffer from low temperatures. But it is impossible to establish which ones, based on the name, since their nomenclature is hopelessly confused. There can be different hybrids under the same name, and vice versa. In addition, there are no reliable signs by which they can be identified. Wishes are expressed to abandon the old names of cultivars and give new, well-documented ones. In Russia, V. I. Shaburov was engaged in the selection of frost-resistant willows. He is the author of more than two dozen interesting and promising winding, undersized and weeping varieties.

Folk omens

Notes

1. For the conditionality of indicating the class of dicotyledons as a parent taxon for the group of plants described in this article, see the section "APG Systems" of the article "Dicotyledons".
2. Information about the genus Salix(English) in the database Index Nominum Genericorum

Holly willow, also known as willow, is a tree or shrub with an oval-shaped crown and red bark. The name was given to the plant by the people, just like its other names: red, sheluga, verbalosis.

Willow is considered magical and medicinal plant, the people used it to protect against evil spirits and to treat diseases.

Today willow is a symbol of awakening nature, the beginning of spring and a good Christian holiday - Palm Sunday.

plant description

Willow belongs to the willow family. Its official name is holly willow.

It can look like a tree-like shrub or tree up to 12 meters high with thin and long twig-branches covered with a light fluff or wax coating.

The color of the branches can be brown-red, bright burgundy or yellowish.

The branches are directed upwards, intertwined with each other and form an oval-shaped crown.

In early spring, in late March-early April, gray-white fluffy buds appear on the branches. These are the male flowers of the plant. As they mature, they open, and yellow pollen appears at the ends of the elongated stamens.

The opened flower looks like a fluffy yellow chicken. The hairs of the flower, giving it a fluffy appearance, are necessary for protection from frost, which is still not uncommon in early spring.

On some branches, fluffy buds never appear. Instead, we see long gray-green earrings. These are female flowers. They wait for pollination by male pollen to start the process of seed maturation. Seeds fully ripen by the end of May - beginning of June.

The willow has all the characteristics of a wind-pollinated plant, but it is a melliferous shrub that early bees and bumblebees need during the period when it is still dormant in nature.

Breaking clean all the flowering branches to church holiday, people deprive insects of the only source of nutrition, and willow - the opportunity to sow ripened seeds. Therefore, after the holiday, the branches can be planted in moist soil.

They will certainly take root, and a new tree with fluffy lambs on the branches will appear in nature.

Features, willow is a tree or shrub

According to botanists, it is a shrub or a very small tree. Unlike other types of willows, which have a powerful trunk up to several meters in girth, willow branches rise directly from the ground or form into a conditionally thickened trunk, from which shoots then grow.

Whether the plant becomes a tree or remains in the form of a bush depends on the conditions of its place of growth and the age of the plant.

In suitable conditions for it, it grows into dense thickets. This feature can be used to strengthen the soil along the banks of rivers, ravines, canals, ditches.

What willow looks like in summer and spring in the photo, cats

It is a deciduous tree or tall shrub with dark bark and a spreading crown.

Winter willow is bare, intertwined branches of a red hue, contrasting against the background of snow and a pale-colored sky.

Spring awakens the holly willow, the first among all the plants of the Middle Strip.

Long before the foliage appears, her buds swell, which are oblong-shaped lumps with a fluffy white-yellow surface.

This flowering period is popular among photographers, in whose pictures touching blossoming branches symbolize the long-awaited spring, warmth.

In biology, there is no separate name for fluffy buds.

The people used to call them "chickens" or "seals".

The early flowering of the holly willow activates the imagination of photo artists who create collages, where instead of a real blossoming bud, a kitten sits on a red twig, touching it with its paws.

Fading, the buds turn into flowers-earrings, which then give seeds. By the summer, the branches are already completely getting rid of the earrings and covered with rounded leaves.

Summer willow is a tree-like shrub with an oval green crown.

How to distinguish willow from willow

If you call a tree a willow, then there will be no fundamental mistake in this, since it is one of the types of willow, and even has an official name - holly willow. But the name "willow" cannot be called any tree of the willow species.

The four main differences between willow and other types of willows are:

• Dark red color of the bark of the trunk and branches. Willow twigs - gray, yellowish.
• The shoots are easy to break, they do not bend well, they grow mainly upwards, they create a densely intertwined crown in the bush. Willow shoots are picturesquely inclined downwards, elastic and flexible.
• Fluffy buds appear before the leaf opening period, willow buds appear simultaneously with the leaves.
• It takes root perfectly in any conditions, and willow can only live on the shore of a reservoir.

The name of the Christian holiday - "Palm Sunday" - implies the consecration of the branches of the holly willow.

On the eve of the holiday, bundles of willow tree branches are sold around the temples. Knowing the four differences described above will allow you to purchase the right plant.

Let's watch the video and learn more about the differences between willow and willow:

Where is the plant distributed?

Unlike willow, which settles near water, willow can grow anywhere. She also loves water, but is so unpretentious that she is able to live in urban conditions.

In conditions of high humidity, it grows rapidly, forming dense thickets.

In Russia, holly willow can be found almost everywhere: in the Urals, in the European part, in Siberia, in the black earth region of the southern direction.

The plant is widespread in Ukraine. The inhabitants of the country revere the willow as a symbol of their homeland.

How to create conditions for growing a tree

An unpretentious plant can grow in almost any conditions. To plant a new tree on your own, you need to take a branch from an adult plant and plant it in moist soil.

Despite the fact that willow will be able to survive in sandstones, and in a swamp, and in a field, and in a garden, it has its own preferences.

If you provide a newly planted bush with soil with high humidity and acidity, then the rooting process will be faster, and in a few years it will create thickets.

Willow is able to overwinter in severe frosts, waking up the very first and announcing the coming spring with its fluffy buds.

Urban conditions with harmful automobile exhausts, industrial emissions and other atmospheric pollution are also not a hindrance to active growth.

Willow in landscape design

Has been used in landscape design relatively recently. Being undeservedly forgotten because of its "nationality", she returned to parks, private and botanical gardens, as a fast growing plant, perfectly amenable to decoration.

The special flexibility of the trunks of the willow family, to which it belongs, makes it possible to form braids, twisted trunks - columns, diamond-shaped hedges from them.

In its original form, it indicates the "Russian" direction in landscape design. It goes well with birch and spruce, beating the "Russian style".

Let's watch an interesting video about the use of wood in landscape design:

Healing properties of the plant

Willow was valued by the people for several reasons: it was considered a magical plant that could draw out illnesses, avert misfortune, and also served as a cure for many ailments.

Traditional medicine today uses it in the treatment of:

• tonsillitis, catarrhal inflammatory diseases, febrile conditions;
• gynecological pathologies, internal bleeding;
• varicose veins and dermatological diseases;
• diseases of the gastrointestinal tract that affect the mucous membrane.

A decoction of the bark thins the blood, disinfects wounds, stops diarrhea and bleeding.

Signs

This is a tree with strong energy. The people believed that she was able to take away diseases. To eliminate a headache, it is enough to hold a branch of a plant in your hand.

And serious illnesses will pass to a tree if you tie a straw belt on it, which the patient had previously worn.

On the Palm Feast, households, relatives and livestock were tapped with bunches of twigs, knocking out diseases from them.

For the success of the journey, it was considered necessary to eat three buds from a consecrated branch before leaving the house.

Infertile couples were treated by constantly carrying tree branches with them.

The branches hung over the threshold of the house were supposed to protect it from ill-wishers and thieves.

In ancient times, the flowering of a tree predicted the fertility of the coming agricultural year. The top strewn with buds promises a bountiful first harvest.

If the lower part of the crown is abundantly strewn with buds, then the last sowing will be the most fertile.

Encyclopedia of Slavic culture, writing and mythology Kononenko Alexey Anatolyevich

Willow

Under the green willow

There are saddled horses

And saddled and harnessed,

And the whips are attached:

Just sit down and go

Go to marry the girls.

(Folk song)

Willow is common on all continents except Australia. Even Pliny the Elder described eight species of this tree two thousand years ago. Now scientists confirm more than 500 species, hybrids and varieties of willow.

Plants of the willow family - white willow (vine), willow - a tree 20–30 m high; willow (shelyuga) - a tree or bush up to 5 m tall; goat willow - a bush or tree 5-10 m tall; brittle willow - a tree up to 20 m tall; ash willow - bush up to 6 m tall; willow willow - bush or tree up to 3-5 m tall; purple willow - bush up to 4 m tall; willow five-starred (verboloz) - a bush or a small tree up to 15 m tall; three-stamen willow (beloloz) - a bush, a rare tree up to 5 m high.

Willow in Slavic mythology is a ritual tree of the spring New Year. The veneration of willow among the Slavs is ancient, pre-Christian. According to popular beliefs, the goddess Lada was born under the ancestral tree - the Golden Willow, therefore the willow is honored during the spring holidays. Ladovic girls decorated it with wreaths and danced around the ritual tree. Willow blossoms and blooms after the Annunciation on Easter week. Willow color - seals - the guys gave the girls. At that time, houses and estates were decorated with willow branches. Willow is a talisman, both children and adults were whipped with willow branches on Palm Sunday, driving away evil spirits. This ritual beating is a blessing, familiarization with the mysteries of nature, protection from diseases and evil spirits. In ancient beliefs, a world arose around the Golden Willow, which is mentioned in stoneflies and Easter sayings.

Willow drives away from home evil forces and illness. Near the willow has long been a gathering place for young people - in the shade under the willow it is always cool. In buildings made of willow, the microclimate is better. Willow wood is loose, the pores in it are filled with water. In willow boards, water evaporates, its place is filled with air, thus creating thermal insulation.

Willow grows in damp places, "showing" water to people - springs and wells, as a rule, were dug under the willows. In addition, willow disinfects water with its substances, therefore there are more fish under willow roots in reservoirs, and a willow tablet in a bucket disinfects water.

Weeping willow has long been a symbol of a saddened mother or widowhood, a symbol of sadness. Willow on the ground, as it were, means water, because it grows near water sources.

In an ancient legend, Mother Raw Earth envied one earthly woman that she had a wonderful ability to give birth to children from all parts of the body (she was, as it were, equal to her, the Earth), sucked her legs into herself, and that woman became a willow. Willow from a small branch can germinate in any soil.

In the Christian legend, nails for Christ were made from willow, because it is punished, it grows unpretentiously, evil spirits can hide in its branches, especially dry ones. At the same time, Christianity adapted the willow to its needs by adopting a spring holiday - Palm Sunday. On this day, it was customary to boil willow catkin flowers with porridge and eat them, and young twigs with paper flowers were given to girls. With the consecrated willow twigs, the children drove the cattle into the field so that the evil spirits would not touch.

The healing properties of willow have long been known to many nations. The ancient physician Dioscarides in the 1st century. BC e. described the healing properties of seeds, leaves, bark and willow juice. The French healer and scientist Odo from the city of Mena 900 years ago in the poem "On the properties of herbs" writes about the willow: “Verba, they say, knits moderately. A bloody wound can be glued by a leaf of it ... The ashes of the burnt bark from the legs expel calluses ". In folk medicine, and now tincture of willow bark is used to treat colds, fever, bring down the heat; decoction and powder from the bark treat wounds, swelling, burns. In the nineteenth century salicylic acid was extracted from the bark (from the Latin "salix" - willow), which is widely used in the manufacture of many medicines.

Being very flexible by nature, willow served good material in folk crafts for the manufacture of curved arcs, skids, yokes, etc. Spoons made of willow were common; in the Zaporizhzhya Sich, among the Cossacks, they were a kind of identification mark. Musical instruments, kobzas and banduras, were made by folk craftsmen from flexible and light willow wood. From the trunks of the willow, light canoes-dolbanks were hewn out.

Weaved purses, fishing tackle, weaved a fence (raft) with a vine, made brooms out of verbalose, white-collar, sheluga, vines (rods). Ancient Romans wove sandals from willow bark. It is used to make fiber for the manufacture of ropes and burlap. Now tannins are extracted from willows for tanning skins, and paper is made.

Palm vine is often mentioned in songs and legends. She is a constant witness to the tears and grief of a girl who was abandoned by a guy; the immense despair of a Cossack who got lost on his way home from a foreign land; the grief of a young woman who has lost her husband. Often the vine was a symbol of orphanhood and poverty, but at the same time it personified such essential girlish features as the flexibility of the camp and movements: "Bends like a vine." The Cossacks-Cossacks, leaving the steep slopes of the Dnieper dear to them and not hoping to see them, sang:

Covered Zaporozhye

thick vines,

Washed Cossacks

little tears...

“White willow grows ... in floodplains, in wet meadows, in wet forests. Reaches a height of 25 m and 1–3 m in diameter. Grows up to 100 years. White willow wood is used to make wooden utensils, fucking boats, troughs, arches, containers, paper, light and warm beehives. They are also used in construction, for the manufacture of musical instruments (especially banduras, torbans).

A decoction of willow bark is used in the treatment of colds, the juice of the bark lowers the temperature and soothes rheumatic pains.

(E. Shevchenko).

Proverbs, signs:

Where there is a silver willow, there is good water.

Where the verbichka grows - there dig a crinichka.

In a hut where there is a willow, lightning will not strike.

This text is an introductory piece.

white willow, or willow, beloloz
A large tree with a large tent-shaped crown, with a trunk up to 1 m in diameter, about 20 m high, with gray, deeply fissured bark. The shoots are thin, flexible, silvery-pubescent in the upper part, glabrous, yellowish-brown, brown or reddish below. Leaves lanceolate, pointed, (4-15) x (1-3.5) cm, silvery silky on both sides or glabrous above. Small flowers are collected in earrings. The flowers are dioecious, without perianth, in males there are two stamens, in females - one pistil with an upper ovary. Fruits are capsules with numerous small flying seeds. Blossoms in April-May, the fruits ripen in May-June, at the same time as the leaves bloom.
Distributed in the southern half of Western and Central Siberia, in Europe (except Scandinavia), Asia Minor, China. It grows along the banks and floodplains of rivers as part of mixed forests or forms pure plantations - willow forest. Lives up to 100 years. In the spring, during the flood of rivers, it withstands prolonged flooding. Propagated by freshly harvested seeds, summer and winter stem cuttings. Grows most successfully on fresh, humus-rich soils. Satisfactorily tolerates temporary drought. Winter-hardy, photophilous, relatively gas-resistant. Decorative with silvery leaves. Deserves wider use in landscaping construction in the form of single and group plantings. Suitable for afforestation of the banks of rivers, rivers and reservoirs. Polymorphic in color of leaves, shoots and crown shape.
In culture, many decorative garden forms are known, differing in the structure of the crown, the color of the bark of trunks and branches, the color and pubescence of the leaves. All garden forms must be propagated only vegetatively by summer or lignified cuttings.

Willow goat (willow, willow)

, otherwise nonsense, willow- the most common type. Among the population, this type of willow with male earrings is known as "willow". Tree up to 6-10(15) m tall or shrub. Young shoots are pubescent, grayish-green, later brown. The leaves are alternate, (4-18) x (2-8) cm, broadly oval or ovate, slightly pubescent or glabrous above, dark green, slightly wrinkled, gray-felt below.
Naturally grows in Southern Siberia, on the territory of the Russian Far East, in Europe, Central, Central and Asia Minor, Mongolia, China, Korea, Japan. Environmentally plastic. It occurs not only in floodplains, but also in upland areas - in the undergrowth of deciduous and coniferous forests, in clearings, forest edges, fresh clearings and burnt areas. It is undemanding to the soil. It grows quite successfully on silt-humus, loamy, sandy and sandy soils.
It is impossible to get rid of it, it grows everywhere along ditches, both in the forest and in horticultural areas. But if we ignore its ability to spread quickly and just look at this plant, then this is quite a pretty little tree. They usually sell grafted plants with a weeping crown shape. The height of the plant depends on the height of the trunk. The leaves are dull green or glossy green on the upper side, and pubescent white on the lower side. Winter hardiness 1. Relatively shade-tolerant, moderately moisture-loving. Lives up to 40, rarely up to 50-60 years.
It is very easy to make a weeping crown shape yourself. To do this, gradually remove all the lower branches until the height of the stem reaches the desired size (usually 1.2–1.5 m is left, but this is not at all necessary). Then parts of the upper branches are allowed to grow and in the fall they are all bent down, evenly distributed around the trunk, and freely tied to it. In subsequent years, the central trunk is cut off, the branches that are trying to grow up are either also cut off or tied down, and the part of the branches that grows horizontally is left to grow freely. After 2-4 years, the entire strapping is removed and then only cut off to the very base of the branches growing upwards. A funny plant resembles an open umbrella with frayed edges. Such a plant is placed in the garden one by one and not too in large numbers. You can thus arrange the entrance or entrance to the site.
It is absolutely undemanding to growing conditions, frost-resistant, does not get sick with diseases, it has no pests.
The bark contains tannins (16-20%) and is a valuable raw material for the leather industry. It is of interest to beekeeping as an early honey plant.

- shrub 0.5-3 m tall, with bare, greenish or yellowish shoots. The leaves are alternate, (2.5-8) x (1-3) cm, from oblong-obovate to elliptical, dull green above, bluish below, glabrous on both sides, entire or slightly serrated at the apex.
Distributed in the southern regions of Siberia, in the Amur region, Mongolia and China (Manchuria). It grows among shrubs along the banks and floodplains of mountain rivers, in wet valley meadows.
In TsSBS since 1966, brought from Tuva. At the age of 13, the height is more than 3 m. Leaf blooming occurs in the second decade of May, leaf fall - in September. Blooms and bears fruit. In general, it is winter-hardy (winter hardiness 1), but in some years the tops of annual shoots freeze slightly (or dry up?). Photophilous, prefers fresh or moderately moist, humus-rich soils.
Propagated by freshly harvested seeds, green and (more difficult) lignified cuttings. Short-lived. Signs of aging are observed after 20 years.
It is decorative with bicolor, dull green above, bluish leaves below and during the flowering period. It can be used to a limited extent for planting in small groups in gardens, parks and forest parks in wet places and near water bodies. It is especially attractive during the autumn coloring of the leaves in bright yellow tones. At 20-23 years old, rejuvenation is recommended.

Yves Ledebour 1

Yves Ledebour- Shrub up to 5 m tall. Young shoots are thin, flexible, covered with a bluish bloom. The leaves are alternate, (3-10) x (0.4-2) cm, lanceolate or oblanceolate, glabrous, bluish-green on both sides.
Naturally grows in the southern regions of Siberia and Mongolia. Forms thickets in floodplains and valleys of mountain rivers in the steppe and desert-steppe regions. Better Development reaches on the fresh, well drained soils, maintains their insignificant salinization. Avoids wetlands.
In Novosibirsk, in the arboretum of the Botanical Forestry, since 1958 Propagated by cuttings brought from the Altai Mountains. At 22, the height of the shrub is 3.5 m. Kurai (Gorny Altai) and the river. Tes-Khem (Tuva). At the age of 15, the height of the shrub is 3.5-5.0 m. Vegetation is from the beginning of the second decade of May to mid-September. Blossoms after the leaves bloom, the fruits ripen in the first half of June. In general, it is winter-hardy, only in some years the tops of annual shoots are damaged. Photophilous, weakly susceptible to insect pests and pathogens of fungal diseases.
Propagated by freshly harvested seeds, summer and (more difficult) winter stem cuttings. In culture, especially in arid conditions, after 15-20 years, the growth of bushes noticeably weakens, and dryness appears in their crowns. At this age, the plant needs to be rejuvenated by planting on a stump. Successfully growing growth restores the appearance of the bush in 2-3 years.
It is decorative due to the openwork crown and the bluish color of the shoots and leaves. Deserves wider use in landscaping construction. It is very effective in the form of pure groups, as well as in combination with spruce and mountain ash. Beautiful on the banks of the reservoirs.
In nature, its forms are known, differing in the color of the shoots: silver, white, golden.

Area: Eastern Siberia.
Appearance, biological features and methods of reproduction are the same as in willow. It differs from the latter only in a number of minor external signs(narrower leaves, blunt buds, etc.). Recommendations for use in landscaping are the same.

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- a large deciduous tree, reaching a height of 18-20 m, with a gray or yellowish bark. The bark of the branches is olive, greenish-olive or reddish, shiny. Flowers are dioecious. Men's earrings are yellowish, women's are greenish or gray. Leaves lanceolate, 8-12(15) cm long, usually bright green, yellow in autumn. The fruits are gray boxes.
Natural range: Western Europe, Asia Minor, where it grows along river banks.
In Novosibirsk, winter hardiness 1. Blossoms for 6-10 days in mid-May. Fruits abundantly every year. Prefers average soil moisture and fertility. Photophilous. Salt tolerant. Data on gas resistance and drought resistance are contradictory. Growth is fast. Durability 60-75 (100) years.

Valuable ornamental plant, deserving wide implementation in landscape gardening and landscaping. Recommended for single, group plantings and creating alleys. It forms many intraspecific decorative forms that are widely used in landscaping in Europe.

, or heart-leaved- a tree up to 20-30 m tall. The trunk is even, with deeply fractured bark. Shoots glabrous, brown or reddish. The leaves are alternate, (3-15) x (2-6) cm, with a rounded or heart-shaped base and a pointed tip, green above, dark green, pale green or bluish below.
Naturally grows in the eastern part of Eastern Siberia, in the territory of the Russian Far East, in China, Korea, Japan. Forms small groups in the composition of forests along the banks of mountain rivers.
In TsSBS since 1971, planting material was brought from the Far East. At 10 years old, the height of trees is 3-4.3 m, at 20 years old - 9-10 m. Vegetation is from the first decade of May to early September. Leaf fall in September. Flowering, male. At a young age, in severe winters, the tops of annual shoots partially froze, and later winter hardiness increased. Relatively shade-tolerant, prefers fresh to moderately moist, well-drained soils.
Satisfactorily propagated by summer and more difficult winter stem cuttings.
It is decorative with a slender trunk, reddish-brown shoots and leaves during their autumn flowering.
It is recommended for wider use in landscape gardening in single, alley and group plantings in moist places as a tall, slender tree.

- a large shrub, sometimes a tree, 3-6 m tall. Young shoots are silky-hairy, later becoming bare, thin, whip-like. Leaves lanceolate or linear, (2.5-6.0) x (0.2-0.7) cm, equally colored on both sides, hard, silky. Blooms before or during leafing, in May-early June.
Natural range: Siberia, Mongolia, China. Prefers moist soils. It is undemanding to the richness of soils. Non-gas resistant. Salt tolerant. Photophilous.
Propagated by seeds, summer and woody cuttings. Decorative, recommended for single and group plantings.

- shrub or tree 2-6 m tall. Young shoots are thin, shiny, greenish-yellow or brown. The leaves are alternate, (3.5-15.0) x (0.3-1.5(2.5)) cm, linear or lanceolate, glabrous, green above, bluish below.
Naturally grows in the south of Eastern Siberia, the Far East, China, Korea, Japan. Occurs in floodplains, wet meadows and low river terraces.
In Novosibirsk (TsSBS) since 1968. At the age of 15 - shrub 4-5 m tall. The leaves bloom in the first half of May. Leaf fall occurs in September-early October. Blooms profusely. It bears fruit very weakly due to the lack of pollinators - males.
In general, it is winter-hardy, only in severe winters annual shoots are damaged to a different extent. Photophilous, prefers moderately moist and fairly rich soils.
Propagated by seeds, summer and winter stem cuttings. After 15-20 years, a gradual death of perennial stems occurs, therefore, at this age, it is recommended to rejuvenate plants by planting them on a stump.
Decorative linear bluish leaves. Recommended for use in landscape gardening in single and group plantings in small groups.

- low shrub, naturally growing in the highlands of southern Siberia. It is not of interest for green building, however, in Finland, its large-leaved form was selected in nature (prisezen in Novosibirsk in 1995) and propagated, which is successfully grown in TsSBS and may be of interest for garden and park construction.
Winter-hardy, moisture-loving, prefers relatively rich soils, photophilous, rapid growth. In culture, it reaches a height of 0.7-0.9 m. It is propagated only by green cuttings.
Recommended for creating small groups in well-lit areas.

, or red sheluga, reddened- a tall dioecious shrub or tree up to 5-10 m high, with thin flexible shoots of bright red, red-brown or chestnut color with a bluish bloom. The leaves are linear-lanceolate, with a wedge-shaped base and a long-pointed apex, dark green above, gray below.
Naturally grows in Europe and Western Kazakhstan. Environmentally plastic. Grows well in fresh fertile soils, avoiding wetlands with stagnant water. However, it is able to grow on dry, lean soils and even on moving sands. Photophilous, drought-resistant and heat-resistant. Very valuable material for fixing free-flowing sands. Shoots and long roots are used for weaving various products.
In Novosibirsk (TsSBS) since 1966, at 13 years old shrub 5.7-8.5 m tall, at 20 years old - 10 m. Vegetation from the second decade of May almost to the end of September. The leaves turn yellow and fall off in September-October. Blooms before the leaves open. The gender is male. Easily propagated by lignified stem cuttings and whole rods. It grows quickly, it is quite winter-hardy (hardiness 1), although the ends of annual shoots freeze slightly in severe winters. Honey plant.
It is decorative with red-brown shoots and bright autumn coloring of leaves, but it is short-lived, especially when grown in shaded conditions. By the age of 20, drying branches appear.
Recommended for limited use in green building. Suitable for group plantings in parks and forest parks in open, well-lit areas.

Height: up to 18 m.
Area: northern and central China.

The origin and systematic position of this tree to this day causes controversy among scientists. In Europe, it appeared only at the beginning of the 18th century. and, as the botanists of that time believed, it came here from the Middle East. In 1753, Carl Linnaeus assigned this willow a species name. babylonica (Babylonian). He mistakenly believed that it was under this tree that the Jews captured by the Babylonians were sitting and weepingly reminiscing about their distant homeland. But the word "willow" appeared in the Bible as a result of a translator's mistake, who called a completely different tree like that - Euphrates poplar (Populus euphraratica). According to modern scientists, the homeland of the weeping willow is Northern China. From here, along the Silk Road, it first came to the Middle East, and then to Europe. The flexible branches of the weeping willow fall to the very ground and are covered with narrow bright green leaves up to 15 cm long. The weeping willow has a rapid growth and reaches its final height by the age of 20. This tree prefers warm, dry summers.

, or basket, hemp- a shrub up to 5-6 m high, rarely a tree 8-10 m. The leaves are alternate, linear-lanceolate, often with edges wrapped inward, (5-20) x (0.3-4) cm, dark green above, slightly pubescent or glabrous, covered with silvery hairs below.
The range is extensive, including Europe, Western Siberia, part of Central and Eastern Siberia, Mongolia. It grows in floodplains, on islands, channels, along river banks, in meadows. Often forms large dense thickets. Prefers fresh, moist, humus-rich soil, avoiding peat bogs. It is very resistant to flooding by running water in the spring. It is short-lived, dies off by the age of 20-30.
Vegetates from May to September. Blooms in early May. The fruits ripen in the first half of June. Propagated by freshly harvested seeds, but especially easily lignified stem cuttings.
Winter-hardy, photophilous, moisture-loving. Flexible annual shoots have long been widely used for weaving various products. The bark is a good tanning agent.
Decorative with silvery pubescence of leaves. Recommended for group plantings in gardens and parks in wet areas. Due to the dense network of roots, it is also suitable for creating protective plantations along the banks and floodplains of rivers in the green zone of the city and suburban forest parks.
Very polymorphic. It forms numerous forms, differing in the size and shape of leaves, features of the structure of the crown, color of shoots, etc. It is no coincidence that this type of willow (its intraspecific forms) has been described many times under different species names.

purple willow, or willow, reddened, yellowweed- with red shoots, bunches of which with fluffy silver-white balls, in which flower buds hide from spring frost, are sold by grannies before Palm Sunday. It blooms, like all willows, with long yellow catkins. The leaves are light green above, silvery-gray below, smooth. Prefers a damp sunny place of growth. In winter, the plant looks very pretty against the backdrop of snow due to the red color of the branches and stems. Shrub 2-4 m tall. Shoots are thin, flexible, glabrous, yellowish, yellowish red or dark purple. The leaves are alternate, often almost opposite, (3-13) x (0.8-1.5) cm, linear-lanceolate, the widest above the middle, entire, glabrous.
Naturally grows in Europe, Central Asia, Mongolia, China, North Africa. Occurs in swamps, river banks and wet floodplain meadows. Lives up to 30 years. Winter hardiness 1-2(3).
Vegetation from the second decade of May to frosts in October. Almost every year, the tops of annual shoots are frosted over; in severe winters, it is damaged more significantly.
Light-requiring, can grow on relatively poor soils, relatively drought-resistant, although it prefers moderately moist soils.
Easily propagated by lignified stem cuttings, forms a shoot from a stump.
It is decorative with a compact crown and narrow leaves sitting on thin graceful shoots. However, it is not suitable for widespread use in urban landscaping due to low winter hardiness. It can be used to a limited extent in gardens and on the territory of cottages, subject to regular plant care (weeding, watering, pruning). Gives fine material for thin weaving of various products. For this purpose, autumn cutting of an annual rod is desirable.

, or blackthal, chernoloz- small tree up to 6-10 (15) m tall or shrub 3-5 m tall with a wide crown. Shoots glabrous, shiny, greenish. The leaves are alternate, (3.5-12) x (2-5.5) cm, oblong-ovate, dense, leathery, dark green above, shiny, light green below, matte.
Distributed in Europe, Western Siberia (except for the northern regions), southwestern regions of Central Siberia, in Kazakhstan. Grows in small groups or singly in swampy river valleys, in wet meadows, in damp depressions in the forest and forest-steppe zones. In favorable conditions, lives up to 70 years.
In the arboretum of the Central Siberian Botanical Garden since 1966. At the age of 15 - a multi-stemmed tree 7-11 m tall, at 36 years old - 15 m. Vegetation from the first decade of May to the second half of September. It blooms late, after full blooming of the leaves, often in the second half of summer. Unlike other types of willow, the seeds ripen in autumn. Fruit earrings with open boxes remain on the tree all winter.
Winter-hardy, photophilous, moisture-loving. Quite resistant to rust and almost not damaged by insect pests.
Propagated by seeds that remain viable until spring. Winter stem cuttings are difficult to root. Decorative shiny "varnished" leathery leaves. Recommended for single and group plantings in squares, gardens and parks in humid and well-lit areas, as well as in floodplains.
Known intraspecific forms with large and wide leaves.

- tree 8-15 (20) m tall or tall shrub. Young shoots are glabrous, dark brown, with a bluish wax coating. The leaves are alternate, from lanceolate to oblong-ovate, (4-12) x (0.7-3.2) cm, pointed, often with an elongated sharp apex, green above, dark green, glaucous below.
Distributed in Siberia, on the territory of the Russian Far East, in China, Japan, Korea. Usually found in taiga regions, less often in steppe and forest-steppe regions. Life expectancy over 50 years.
In Novosibirsk (TsSBS): propagated by cuttings obtained from the Lebyazhinskaya LOS (1966) and collected in the vicinity of the city of Birobidzhan (1970). At 13 years old, the height of trees is 8-9 m, at 32 years old - 19 m. Vegetation is from the first decade of May to mid-September. Leaves fall in late September-early October. Blossoms in late April-early May, fruits ripen in June.
Winter-hardy, photophilous, not drought-resistant. Growth is fast.
Propagated by freshly harvested seeds, summer and winter cuttings. It is especially decorative during the blooming of generative buds in early spring, during flowering and in autumn with yellowing leaves. Recommended for single and group plantings in squares, parks and forest parks. It is also suitable for protective plantings along the banks of water bodies. Early honey plant.

Willow Sakhalin, or Udi, udskaya- deciduous shrub or tree up to 10 m tall, with thin yellowish-brown, brown or reddish shoots. The leaves are alternate, (2.8-11 (15)) x (0.8-3.5) cm, oblong-lanceolate, light to dark green above, green or bluish below, with slightly tucked edges, glabrous or slightly pubescent.
Naturally grows in Eastern Siberia, on the territory of the Russian Far East, in China, Japan, Korea. Distributed in the forest zone, forest-tundra and tundra. It occurs along the banks of rivers, rivers, the outskirts of sedge marshes, in meadows and forest edges.
In Novosibirsk (TsSBS): at the age of 13, a shrub 5-6 m tall. Vegetation from the third decade of May to the third decade of September. Leaves fall in late September-early October. Blossoms for 6-9 days in the second decade of May, bears abundant fruit. In ordinary years, it is winter-hardy, but in severe winters, the tops of annual shoots freeze slightly. Propagated by freshly harvested seeds, woody and summer cuttings. Demanding a sufficient amount of moisture, prefers slightly acidic soils. Wind resistant. Does not tolerate dryness and high temperatures. The durability of trunks in urban plantings is 12-13 years.

Willow gray, or ashy, chernoloz- shrub up to 2-6 m tall. Young shoots are gray-felt. Leaves are alternate, (4-13) x (1-3.5(4)) cm, obovate, green above, wrinkled, usually pubescent, ash-gray below from spaced sinuous hairs.
Naturally grows in Central and Western Siberia, Europe, Central and Asia Minor, China. Widespread in the Novosibirsk region. Grows in river valleys, wet meadows, sparse forests, steppe groves.
Vegetation from the second decade of May to mid-September. Leaves fall in late September-first half of October. Blooms and bears fruit.
Propagated by seeds and summer cuttings with the use of growth stimulants. The best results of rooting of summer cuttings (up to 100%) are achieved by treating them with a 0.01% aqueous solution of indolylbutyric acid for 16 hours. Lignified stem cuttings almost do not root.
Winter hardiness 1. Relatively shade-tolerant, prefers fresh and moderately moist soils.
Basically it is a technical plant. The bark contains tannins (12-16%) and is a valuable raw material for the leather industry.
It is not of great value for landscaping the city, however, during the spring flowering period, male specimens are decorative due to the large number of bright yellow male earrings. Very close to appearance, features of reproduction and use in landscaping to goat willow, from which it differs in greater demands on soil moisture, the ability to grow on excessively moist soils.

- deciduous shrub or small shrub 0.1-2.0 m high. The leaves are simple, entire, mostly bluish, leathery, (0.5-4 (6)) x (0.2-1.5 (2.3)) cm.
Natural range: Europe, Siberia, Central and foreign Asia.
In Novosibirsk (TsSBS): shrub at 17 years old 1.8-2.0 m tall. It grows from the first half of May to the end of August. Blooms in the second or third decade of May for 5-6 days.
Winter hardiness 1. Prefers well-moistened and relatively rich soils. Salt tolerant. Photophilous.
Propagated by seeds and summer cuttings. Lignified cuttings root poorly. Perhaps, to improve their rooting, growth stimulants should be used.
Decorative due to the dense bluish-green crown. It is advisable to use this species when creating group plantings in open, well-lit places (parks, squares). Often damaged by pests and fungal diseases.

, or stone- an open shrub or small shrub 0.1-0.2 (0.6) m high. The leaves are alternate, obovate, (0.8-4 (6)) x (0.5-2.5) cm, dense, green or dark green above, bluish below, yellow in autumn.
Area: Eastern Siberia, Russian Far East, Mongolia. It grows in the highlands and the forest belt on pebbles, sandy river deposits, along the banks of rivers and streams, less often on stony placers and mountain slopes covered with coniferous woodlands, sometimes in dwarf birch thickets at the upper border of the forest.
It has been growing in Novosibirsk (TsSBS) since 1971. Plants were brought from the Khabarovsk Territory. At 13 years and older, the height of the shrub is 0.3-0.6 m. It blooms simultaneously with the blooming of the leaves. Fruits in June, abundantly. Leaves fall in the second half of September.
Winter-hardy, photophilous, moisture-loving. It is undemanding to the richness of soils. Propagated well by freshly harvested seeds. Methods of vegetative propagation have not been developed.
May find only limited use for planting in small groups on Alpine rollercoaster and in places where regular care of plants is carried out. Particularly decorative during flowering (women's earrings are purple) and autumn yellowing of the leaves.

- shrub or tree up to 4-5 m tall, with hairy shoots that later become exposed. Leaves 5-12 cm long and 1.5-3(4) cm wide. Young leaves are silky, becoming bare by autumn, with convex silky lateral veins, turning yellow in autumn.
Natural range: Russian Far East, China, Korea, Japan. It grows along the banks of rivers and rivers, on sandy and pebbly deposits. Typical for lowland landscapes.
In Novosibirsk (TsSBS): at the age of 11, a shrub 4 m high. Vegetation begins in early May (sometimes at the end of April) and ends at the end of August. Shoot growth occurs from the first decade of May to mid-August. The main shoots grow by 50-85 cm during the summer. It blooms in the first decade of May for 4-6 days. Seeds ripen in the first half of June.
Winter hardiness 1-2. Rapid growth is noted only on relatively fertile and moist soils, although it tolerates poorer and drier ones. Photophilous. Growth is fast.
Propagated by seeds, woody and summer cuttings.
It can be recommended for limited use in single and group plantings in parks, squares in well-lit areas.

- a shrub up to 5-6 m high, rarely a tree up to 10-14 m. The bark of old branches and trunks exfoliates in thin plates, peels off. Lemon colored bast fibers. The leaves are alternate, (4-12 (15)) x (0.5-3.5) cm, lanceolate, glandular-serrated along the edge, pointed at the apex, green above, pale green or gray below.
The range is very extensive, covering Europe, Siberia, the Russian Far East, Central and Asia Minor, Mongolia, China, and Japan. It grows in the composition of shrubs, in the floodplains of rivers, rivers, less often on the outskirts of swamps. Winter-hardy. Light-requiring, prefers well-moistened light soils. It is undemanding to the richness of soils. Resistant to spring floods.
Distributed in the floodplain of the Ob and on the territory of the Central Siberian Borough in the floodplain of the river. Zyryanka. For the arboretum, it was propagated by cuttings brought in 1968 from Tuva. At 13 years old shrub 4-5 m high, at 20 years old - 7.5 m. Vegetation from the second decade of May to mid-September. Leaves fall in late September-October. Blossoms 10-12 days in the second decade of May-early June, the seeds ripen in June.
Propagated by freshly harvested seeds, summer and winter stem cuttings. Forms a shoot from the stump. The bark is rich in tannins and is suitable for tanning leather.
Annual rods are an excellent material for weaving various products. It is rarely used for landscaping of populated areas. More suitable for protective plantings. Forming a dense root network, it is able to strengthen the banks of rivers.
It is recommended for wide use when creating single and group plantings.

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- deciduous shrub 1-4 m tall. The leaves are simple, entire, (2-7) x (0.7-2(3)) cm long and 2-4(5) cm wide, from elliptical to narrowly obovate, entire, rarely serrate, young glabrous, matte above, from light to dark green, turning yellow below in autumn. This is the only willow species that has almost opposite leaves.
Natural range: Russian Far East, foreign Asia. Distributed in meadows, along river valleys, in swampy habitats.
In Novosibirsk, it grows only in TsSBS, where at the age of 20-31 years it has a height of 2.5-2.8 m. Winter hardiness 1-2. Prefers rich and well-drained soils. Photophilous.
It is especially decorative with a spherical dense crown, light green and green leaves in summer and bright yellow in autumn. Blooms before the leaves open. Seeds ripen in June.
Propagated by seeds, summer and woody cuttings.
Very decorative. Recommended for single or group plantings. Honey plant.

- shrub or tree up to 12 m tall, with long thin reddish-brown or brown branches. Annual shoots are pubescent. The leaves are alternate, almost linear, (5-12 (20)) x (0.4-1 (1.5)) cm, with a tucked even edge, usually glabrous above, dark green, shiny, abundantly pubescent below with appressed silvery hairs. Morphologically close to Salix viminalis.
Area: the eastern part of Central Siberia and almost all of Eastern Siberia, the Russian Far East, Mongolia, China, Korea, Japan. Distributed in floodplains, on sandy and sandy-pebble deposits, in wet meadows and marshes, often forms large thickets.
In Novosibirsk (TsSBS) since 1966, cuttings were brought from the Khabarovsk Territory (near Birobidzhan) and obtained from the Lebyazhinskaya LOS (Altai Territory). Grows fast. At 13 years old, height 6-7.5 m. Vegetation from the first decade of May to mid-September. Leaves fall in late September-early October. Blooms and bears fruit. In general, it is winter-hardy, only in some years the tops of annual shoots are damaged. After 20-25 years, a lot of land forms in the crown, and it is necessary to rejuvenate the bush by planting it on a stump. Photophilous, moderately drought-resistant, relatively gas-resistant. Propagated by seeds, summer and woody stem cuttings.
Decorative with long, contrastingly colored leaves. Sometimes forms a beautiful weeping crown.
Recommended for group plantings in public gardens, parks and forest parks in open moist places. Particularly decorative during periods of dusting (yellow anthers) and autumn yellowing of leaves. At the age of 23-25 ​​years, rejuvenation is recommended.