Mstislav Udaloy: brief biography, foreign and domestic policy, years of rule. Mstislav Romanovich old March on Chernigov

Old Prince of Pskov 1179 1195 Predecessor: Position restored ... Wikipedia

- (sc. 1223), Grand Duke of Kiev. The son drove. Kyiv prince. Roman Rostislavich. Mstislav reigned in Pskov, Smolensk, Belgorod, Kyiv, Galich and again in Kyiv. He was an active participant in princely strife and fought with the Polovtsians. In 1223 he was one of... ... Russian history

- (Christian name Boris) Grand Duke of Smolensk, nicknamed Good, Old. In 1180 he reigned in Pskov and stayed there only thanks to the help of Mstislav the Brave; in 1185 he took part in the famous campaign against the Polovtsians; in 1196, wanting to reflect... ... Large biographical encyclopedia

- (Christian name Boris) led. book Smolensk, nicknamed Good, Old. In 1180 he reigned in Pskov and stayed there only thanks to the help of Mstislav the Brave; in 1185 he took part in the famous campaign against the Polovtsians; in 1196, wanting to repel the Olgovichi... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron

Mstislav Romanovich Old Prince of Pskov 1179 1195 Predecessor: Position restored ... Wikipedia

Son of Ro-ma-na Ros-ti-sla-vi-cha, father of Ros-ti-sla-va Msti-sla-vi-cha (? - around 1240) and, probably, Izya- the glory of Msti-sla-vi-cha (the years of birth and death are not known). For the first time it was mentioned without a name in 1167, when, together with his father and elder brother Yaro-pol-kom Ro-ma-no-vi- than I met my grandfather - the Ki-ev-sky prince of Ros-ti-sla-va Msti-sla-vi-cha near Smo-len-sk. In 1176, he participated in an unsuccessful campaign against catchers together with his uncles - Ryu-ri-kom Ros-ti-sla- vi-chem and Da-vi-dom Ros-ti-sla-vi-chem, and also brother Yaro-pol-kom. In 1179 the prince lived in Pskov. In 1180, he was sent by his father to Prince Vses-glory to Brya-chi-sla-vi-chu for help in the re-election of the state. then-viv-she-go-sya on-pa-de-niya from the side of the new-city-prince of Msti-slav-va Ros-ti-sla-vi-cha.

In the summer of 1184 and in February - March 1185, I taught in the be-do-nos for the Russian regiments of the Lovets-kih in the marches, or- ga-ni-zo-van-nyh Ki-ev-sky prince with the Holy-glory of All-in-lo-do-vi-chem and Bel-gorod-prince Ryu-ri-kom Ros-ti -thank you. On October 15, 1195, he gave his eldest daughter in marriage to the son of the Vladimir Prince Vse-vo-lo-da Yuri-e-vi-cha Bol-shoye Gnez-do - Kon -stan-ti-na Everything-in-lo-do-vi-cha. At the beginning of 1196, he led the army (together with Prince Ros-ti-slav Vla-di-mi-ro-vi-ch and Ryazan prince Gle-b Vla- di-mi-ro-vi-chem), directed by the Smo-lensk prince Da-vid-dom Ros-ti-sla-vi-chem against the ra-zo-ryav-shih ter- ri-to-riu of the Smo-lensk prince of Cher-ni-gov-troops under the command of Prince Oleg Svyato-sla-vi-cha and the detachments of his allies -kov - druts-ko-th Prince Bo-ri-sa and the head-of-the-ly-she-power of the po-lo-chan of Prince Va-sil-ko Vo-lo-da-re-vi-cha. On 03/12/1196, the Smo-lensk forces were patient, Mstislav was captured by the other prince, and then -given to Ole the Holy-sal-vi-chu, dos-ta-viv-she-mu Mstislav in Cher-ni-gov. Released from captivity at the end of 1196 after the conclusion of peace between the Cher-nigov prince Yaro-slav Vse-vo-lo-do -vi-what and All-in-lo-house Big Nest-do.

Took over the Smo-lensk table after the death of Uncle Da-vi-da Ros-ti-sla-vi-cha (April 23, 1197), who gave him Smo -Lensk In 1206, he took part in the march to Ga-lich, or-ga-ni-zo-van-nom Ki-ev-sky prince Ryu-ri-kom Ros-ti-sla- Moreover, in 1207 he helped him return the Kiev table in the summer of 1206; in 1206-1207 she owned the Bel-go-ro-house. In 1207, after a long siege, Voy-ska-mi became the prince of Kiev, Vse-vo-lo-da St.-sla-vi-cha Cherm- but for the sake of the world, he left Bel-city and left for Smolensk. In 1212, he headed (together with the Novy-gorod prince of Msti-slav, Msti-sla-vi-ch Udat-ny and the Lutsk prince In-gva-rem Yaro-sla-vi-ch) march to Kiev against Prince Vse-vo-lo-da Holy-sla-vi-cha, who in the result left Kiev, and for- Thus, Cher-ni-gov was besieged. In agreement with the teaching staff, in the autumn of 1212, Mstislav took over the Kiev table.

In its own way, it relied mainly on the nearest clans - the princes of Ros-ti-sla-vi-whose. In 1218-1221, he controlled Nov-gorod, where the princes lived his sons Svyatoslav Msti-sla-vich (1218-1219) and All -vo-lod Msti-sla-vich (1219-1221). In 1221, he studied in the village of Galich, in the re-zul-ta-th of whom Msti-slav Udatny lived there as a prince. (according to the “Russian History” by V.N. Ta-ti-shche-va, Mstislav was wounded during the siege of Ga-li-cha). According to the decision of the prince's congress, it appeared in Kiev in 1223 (probably, in the na-cha-le Mar-ta), Mstislav became one of the ru-ko-vo-di-te-lei of the Russian army, you-step-beer-she-against mon-go-lo-ta-tar to the river Cal-ka.

During the Battle of Kalka 1223 (May 28), together with his son-in-law, Prince An-d-re-em and Prince Dub-ro-vits-kim Alek-san-dr-os-tal -sya in a uk-re-p-len-la-ge-re, where for those 3 days he held the defense. One day on May 31st, giving in to the confidence of the military fords of Plo-ski, promising that in the event of surrender All the princes and friends will go to Rus', the princes have left the lager. As a result, all their troops were rep-re-bi-you, and Mstislav, princes An-d-rey and Alexander raz-dav-le-ny dos-ka- mi po-mos-ta, on ko-rum pi-ro-va-li po-be-di-te-li.

One of the most controversial and mysterious personalities of the decline of the Old Russian state was Prince Mstislav Udaloy. He was distinguished by unprecedented courage when fighting the enemies of Rus', but quite often he used his skills in internecine strife. It will be very interesting for the modern generation of people to get acquainted with the biography of such an outstanding personality as Mstislav Udaloy. A brief biography of this prince will be the subject of our research.

Origin of the nickname

The original nickname of Prince Mstislav was Udatny, which translated from the Old Russian language means “lucky”. But due to incorrect interpretation, the translation “Udalaya” became generally accepted. It was under this nickname that the prince appeared on the pages of most history textbooks.

We will not change the generally accepted tradition.

Birth

The date of birth of Mstislav the Udaly remains a mystery to historians. The only thing that is beyond doubt is that he was born within the second half of the 12th century and was named Fedor at baptism. He was the son of the Novgorod prince Mstislav Rostislavovich the Brave from the Smolensk branch of the Monomakhovichs. The origin of Mstislav the Udaly's mother is controversial. According to one version, she was the daughter of the prince of Galich, according to another - the Ryazan prince Gleb Rostislavovich.

The place of Mstislav the Udaly among the sons of Mstislav Rostislavovich is also ambiguous. Some researchers consider him the eldest son, others - the youngest, and born after the death of his father. In the latter case, the year of his birth may be 1180.

Early mentions

The first mention of Mstislav the Udal in chronicles dates back to 1193. It was then that he, while still Prince of Tripoli, took part in the campaign against the Polovtsians along with his cousin Rostislav Rurikovich.

In 1196, Rostislav's father, the Kiev prince Rurik Rostislavovich, sent Mstislav the Udal to help Vladimir Yaroslavovich Galitsky, who opposed Volynsky. In 1203, already as Prince Torchesky, the young Mstislav Udaloy again launched a campaign against the Polovtsians. But in 1207 he was driven out of Torchesk by the troops of the representative of the Olgovichi line, Vsevolod Svyatoslavovich Chermny, when he made a successful campaign against Kyiv, which at that time was controlled by Rurik Rostislavovich.

After this, Mstislav Mstislavovich Udaloy fled to the Principality of Smolensk, where he received an estate in Toropets from his relatives. Since then he became known as Prince Toropetsky.

Novgorod reign

Remaining the prince of Toropets, in 1209 Mstislav Udaloy was invited to reign in their lands. His father was also a prince of Novgorod at one time. Prince Svyatoslav, the son of the Great Vladimir Big Nest, who had ruled in Novgorod until then, was removed by the Novgorodians themselves. Mstislav Udaloy replaced him. The years of this prince's reign in Novgorod were marked by a special confrontation with the Vladimir-Suzdal principality.

In 1212, Mstislav led the Novgorod army on a successful campaign against the pagan Chud tribe.

March to Chernigov

Meanwhile, after the death of Rurik Rostislavovich, who was then in the reign of Chernigov, and the longtime enemy of Mstislav the Daring, Vsevolod the Big Nest, a feud broke out with renewed vigor between Vsevolod Chermny, who ruled in Kyiv, and the Smolensk branch of the Monomakhovichs, whom he accused of murdering two of his relatives.

Realizing that he himself could not cope with the Kyiv prince, Mstislav Romanovich Smolensky asked for help from his cousin, Mstislav the Udaly. He responded immediately.

The united army of Novgorodians and Smolensk began to ravage the Chernigov land, which, by right of patrimony, belonged to Vsevolod Chermny. This forced the latter to leave Kyiv and accept reign in Chernigov. Thus, the capital city of Rus' was captured without a fight by Mstislav the Udal, who placed Ingvar Yaroslavovich Lutsky on a temporary reign. But after the conclusion of peace with Vsevolod the Black, Mstislav Romanovich of Smolensk, later nicknamed the Old, became the Grand Duke of Kyiv.

Participation in civil strife

Meanwhile, after the death of Vsevolod the Big Nest, a major internecine war broke out in North-Eastern Rus' (between his heirs) for the possession of the Vladimir-Suzdal principality. Mstislav Udaloy supported the eldest son of Vsevolod of Rostov, Prince Constantine, in this fight. At the same time, according to the will left by Vsevolod the Great Nest, the principality was to be inherited by his son Yuri, who was supported by his brother Yaroslav Vsevolodovich, while simultaneously laying claim to the Novgorod reign.

In 1215, when Mstislav Udaloy and his squad moved south, Novgorod - at the invitation of the local residents themselves - was captured by Yaroslav Vsevolodovich. But soon he had a conflict with the Novgorodians. Yaroslav captured a large city in the south of Novgorod land - Torzhok. The Novgorodians again called on Mstislav.

The decisive battle between the troops of Mstislav the Udal, who was joined by the Smolensk army, the son of Mstislav the Old with his squad and Konstantin of Rostov, and the army of the Vladimir-Suzdal princes Yuri and Yaroslav, took place in 1216 on the Lipitsa River. This was the largest battle of that period. The Novgorod-Smolensk army won a complete victory. During the flight, Yaroslav Vsevolodovich even lost his helmet.

The result of the battle was the confirmation of Konstantin Vsevolodovich on the reign of Vladimir and the temporary refusal of Yaroslav Vsevolodovich from Novgorod. However, already in 1217 Mstislav the Udaloy abandoned Novgorod in favor of Svyatoslav, the son of Mstislav the Old.

Reign in Galich

The abandonment of Novgorod was due to the fact that Mstislav Udaloy put forward his claims to Galich. According to one version, he began attempts to seize power there even earlier, but without much success. In 1218, he finally, with the support of the Smolensk princes, expelled the Hungarians from Galich.

From then on, Mstislav Udaloy became the Galician prince. His foreign and domestic policies were particularly active. He concluded an alliance treaty with Daniil Romanovich Volynsky and fought against the Hungarians and Poles. During these wars, Galich passed from one hand to another. But in 1221 Mstislav was still able to finally establish himself there.

Battle of Kalka

The year 1223 became a turning point in the fate of all of Rus'. The southern Russian steppes were invaded by hordes of Mongol-Tatars led by the loyal commanders Genghis Khan Jebe and Subudai. Against the common danger, most of the principalities of southern Rus' united with the Polovtsian army of Khan Katyan (who was the father-in-law of Mstislav the Udal), who took an active part in creating a coalition.

Although the formal head of the coalition was the Great Prince of Kiev Mstislav the Old, in reality many princes did not obey him. Disunity was the main reason for the defeat that the Russian-Polovtsian army suffered in the Battle of Kalka. Many Russian princes and ordinary soldiers were killed in this battle, among them Mstislav of Kiev. Few managed to survive. But among those who were lucky enough to escape was Mstislav Udaloy.

Further fate and death

After the battle on Kalka, Mstislav returned to Galich. There he continued to fight the Hungarians, Poles and his former ally Daniil of Volyn, who later became the king of Rus'. Despite the relatively successful outcome of these wars, in 1226 Mstislav left his reign in Galich and moved to the city of Torchesk, located in the south of the Kyiv land, where he had already ruled in his youth.

Shortly before his death, he became a monk. He died in 1228 and was buried in Kyiv.

Personality characteristics

Researchers name many lands and cities where Mstislav Udaloy ruled. These are Tripolye, Torchesk, Toropets, Novgorod, Galich, but he did not settle anywhere for a long time. And the reason for this lay not so much in the machinations of other princes, but in his character, thirsting for change. Contemporaries note that Mstislav the Udaly had a violent temper, but at the same time this man was distinguished by amazing prudence.

Of course, this prince played one of the key roles in the history of our state in the first half of the 13th century.

Nickname: Old

Branch: Vsevolodchi

Knee: 11

Date of Birth: ?

Date of death: 1223

Prince of All Rus'

Prince of Smolensk

Children:
1. Svyatoslav
2. Vsevolod
3. Rostislav
4. Daughter, wife of the Rostov prince Konstantin Vsevolodich

Son of Roman Rostislavich, Prince of Kyiv, and then Prince of Smolensk, grandson of Kyiv Prince Rostislav Mstislavich. Around 1178 he reigned in Pskov, which he did not hold for long. In 1197, Mstislav received Smolensk according to the will of his uncle Davyd Rostislavich. The Laurentian and Resurrection Chronicles under 1206 say that Mstislav “sat in Belgorod,” from where Vsevolod Chermny drove him out. “He is going to Smolensk to his homeland.” In a number of chronicles under 1212-1214. a message was recorded that Mstislav occupied Kyiv. In the Novgorod first chronicle of the younger edition, under 1219, it is said that Mstislav entered Galich and sat down to reign there, and handed Kyiv over to Vladimir Rurikovich. Somewhat later, he again became the prince of Kyiv and remained so until his death (1223).

O. M. Rapov "Princely possessions in Rus' in the 10th - first half of the 13th century"

Mstislav (baptized Boris) Romanovich, the youngest son of Grand Duke R. Rostislavich and the daughter of Novgorod-Seversk Prince Svyatoslav Olgovich. In sources he is mentioned with the nickname Old - in the sense of “oldest” among the then southern Russian princes. From Smolensk Rurikovich; in order of succession to the throne - thirty-seventh Grand Duke.

The year and place of his birth are unknown. Mstislav is first mentioned in the chronicle at the beginning of 1167, when, together with his father, he meets his grandfather, Grand Duke Rostislav Mstislavich, on the way to Smolensk.

« During the mermaid week"(in this case from May 16 to May 22. - D.V. Donskoy) 1176 sent by his father together with his uncle Rurik Rostislavich and his older brother Yaropolk against the Polovtsians who attacked the Russian land. The princes are defeated near the town of Rastovets.

In the spring of 1180 he was planted by Prince Mstislav Rostislavich the Brave in Pskov; At the same time he was sent by his father to help the Polotsk prince Vseslav Vasilkovich, in order to prevent his war with Mstislav the Brave, who moved his regiments to Polotsk.

In 1184 and 1185, Mstislav Romanovich participated, along with other Russian princes, in two successful campaigns against the Polovtsians, organized by the Grand Dukes Svyatoslav Vsevolodovich and Rurik Rostislavich.

In 1195, Mstislav became related to the Grand Duke of Vladimir Vsevolod Yuryevich the Big Nest, who on October 15 married his son Konstantin to his eldest daughter.

In 1196 he took part in the war that began between the princes Rostislavich and Olgovich. In March of this year, the Smolensk prince Davyd Rostislavich sends Mstislav with some other princes against the Olgovichi, who, having violated the peace treaty, invaded the Smolensk land and moved towards Vitebsk. In the ensuing battle " in the next week of fasting on Tuesday"(in this case, March 12. - D.V. Donskoy) was captured by one of the Drutsk princes, an ally of the Olgovichs, after which he was given to the Chernigov prince Oleg Svyatoslavich and sent to Chernigov. In the early autumn of the same year, Grand Duke Vsevolod Yuryevich also begins a war with the Olgovichs, but soon concludes peace, under the terms of which the head of the Olgovich family, Prince Yaroslav Vsevolodovich of Chernigov, releases Mstislav without ransom and releases him to his uncle, the Kyiv prince Rurik Rostislavich (end of September) .

After the death of the Smolensk prince Davyd Rostislavich (April 23, 1197), Mstislav reigned in Smolensk.

In 1205, together with his nephews, he took part in a large campaign against Galich, organized by the Grand Duke of Kyiv Rurik Rostislavich. In the summer of the same year, Kyiv was occupied by the head of the Olgovich family, Prince Vsevolod Svyatoslavich Chermny. Rurik Rostislavich retires to the city of Vruchiy, and Mstislav Romanovich occupies Belgorod, and in the same year helps his uncle recapture Kyiv from Vsevolod.

In August 1207, Vsevolod Chermny, uniting with all the Olgovichs, again approached Kyiv and expelled Rurik from there. Mstislav secludes himself in Belgorod, but cannot withstand the brutal siege and is forced to leave the city and retire to Smolensk.

The death of Grand Duke Vsevolod Yuryevich the Big Nest (April 13, 1212) changed the political situation not only in North-Eastern, but also in Southern Rus'. In June 1212, the princes of Rostislavich, led by Mstislav Romanovich and his cousin, the Novgorod prince Mstislav Mstislavich Udatny, united in Smolensk and undertook a grandiose campaign to Kyiv. Novgorod and Smolensk troops, as well as regiments from other cities, enter Chernigov land, take " on the shield» Rechitsa and « other cities, many Chernigovskaya" and near the city of Vyshgorod (near Kyiv) they defeat the Olgovichi. Vsevolod Svyatoslavich flees from Kyiv to Chernigov. The Rostislavichs temporarily leave Prince Ingvar Yaroslavich in Kyiv, and Mstislav Romanovich himself restores order in Vyshgorod, after which in the fall of the same year he sits down to reign in Kyiv, and Ingvar returns to Lutsk. The princes approach Chernigov and, after a twelve-day siege, make peace with Vsevolod Svyatoslavich. At the end of the same year, Vsevolod dies in Chernigov.

In 1218, he sent his eldest son Svyatoslav to reign in Veliky Novgorod (arrived in the city on August 1). The following year, however, he recalled Svyatoslav to himself, and sent another son, Vsevolod, to Veliky Novgorod. In 1221, the Novgorodians expelled Vsevolod from the city, and he returned to his father.

In the spring of 1223, for the first time, people came to Rus' from the southern Russian steppes. we don't know the languages"("unknown tribes"; and then the chronicler says that no one knew anything about them exactly, who they were, where they came from, what language they spoke and what faith they had. - D.V. Donskoy). It is curious that this message of the Russian chronicler echoes the note of the Rhine monk of the Cistercian Order, Caesarius of Heisterbach (died after 1240), who also notes that “it is unknown what he (the people) is like. D.V. Donskoy), where he came from and where he is going.” As the Arab chronicler Ibn al-Asir (died in 1234) explains, these were Mongol-Tatars who “stayed for some time in the land of Kipchatka, but then in 620 AH. (February 3, 1223 - January 22, 1224 - D.V. Donskoy) moved to the country of the Russians."

The Mongol-Tatars (belong to the Mongolian language group within the Altai language family; the term appeared in Russian historiography only in the 19th century), led by the commanders Subudai and Jebe, according to the calculations of the Suzdal chronicler, appear "in the tenth year of his reign(Mstislava. - D.V. Donskoy) in Kiev". The Grand Duke urgently gathers a council, at which the Galich prince Mstislav Mstislavich Udatny and the Chernigov prince Mstislav Svyatoslavich are also present. The princes decide to go to the steppe and “I accept strangers into foreign lands and into my own.” After crossing the Dnieper (according to the Ipatiev Chronicle (1st quarter of the 15th century) "on Tuesday"(probably May 16. - D.V. Donskoy)) and a twelve-day journey (according to the Arab chronicler Ibn al-Asir (died in 1234) and the Persian historian Rashid ad-Din (died July 18, 1318), but according to the Ipatiev Chronicle - eight days) through the steppe, Russians stop beyond the river. Kalkoy, where "in memory of the holy martyr Jeremiah"(permanent celebration of May 31. - D.V. Donskoy) a decisive battle takes place. Due to lack of coordination of actions, the Russians suffer a crushing defeat. Mstislav Romanovich, " seeing this evil", decides to fortify himself on a rocky mountain above the river and here for three days repels the onslaught of the Mongol-Tatars. However, due to the betrayal of the governor of the Brodniks Ploskyni, who binds Mstislav and two other princes, he is captured. There the princes are brutally executed. There is no information about the burial place of Prince Mstislav Romanovich.

MSTISLAV-BORIS ROMANOVICH

Mstislav-Boris Romanovich - Prince of Smolensk, then Grand Duke of Kiev, son of Prince Roman Rostislavich of Smolensk. Sitting on the Pskov table, in 1178-1179 he successfully defended Smolensk interests in Polotsk against his uncle M. Rostislavich. Later, M. defended Smolensk interests in Polotsk: in 1196, because of them, there was a struggle with the Chernigov princes, during which M. was captured. In 1197, after the death of his uncle David, M. sat on the Smolensk table. Protecting the trade interests of Smolensk in the west, M., apparently, entered into an agreement with the Hanseatic cities (1207 - 1214). In the north, through his son Vsevolod, he holds Pskov, through his cousin M. Mstislavich, he influences Novgorod, although with interruptions, due to the successes of Suzdal. In the south of Kiev, M. supported Uncle Rurik. After the death of Roman of Galicia-Volyn, M. took part in Rurik’s unsuccessful campaign against the children of Roman. When Rurik died in 1212, M. made a claim to Kyiv and, with the help of the Novgorod prince M. Udaly, sat on the Kiev table. M. did not play a leading role in inter-princely relations. In 1223 he insisted on helping the Cumans against the Tatars. This assistance led to the defeat of the Russian troops at Kalka. M. courageously defended the hastily coordinated point of defense for three days. Believing the promises and oaths, M. surrendered and was barbarously killed.

Brief biographical encyclopedia. 2012