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Anastasio Somoza Garcia(Spanish) Anastasio Somoza Garcia ; February 1 - September 29) - Nicaraguan military and statesman, de facto head of Nicaragua from 1936 to 1956.
As the head of the National Guard, he organized the assassination attempt on the revolutionary Augusto Sandino, who led the fight against the American occupation forces in 1927-1933.
On September 21, 1956, the poet Rigoberto Lopez Perez attempted to assassinate Somoza, wounding him in the chest with a pistol shot. Lopez was shot by security on the spot, and Somoza died 8 days later in an American hospital in Panama, after which his son Luis Somoza Debayle became the head of Nicaragua. 
Somoza regime
Under Somoza, a strict authoritarian regime was established in Nicaragua. The Guard became the arbiter of destinies in Nicaragua [ style] . She controlled the trade in weapons, alcoholic beverages, drugs, and medicines in the country. Organized prostitution, gambling houses, radio and television, tax collection and rural justice were also under her jurisdiction. Anastasio Somoza himself was considered already in the mid-1940s one of the richest people in all of Mesoamerica. He was an extreme anti-communist (in particular, surrealism was banned in any form as “communist art”), patronized fascist and Nazi organizations, and showed open sympathy for Hitler before the start of World War II. However, on December 8, 1941 he declared war on Germany.
"Our son of a bitch"
Despite his authoritarianism, the anti-communist Somoza enjoyed political support from the United States. Franklin Roosevelt is credited with saying in 1939: “Somoza may be a son of a bitch, but he’s our son of a bitch.” As historian David Schmitz points out, a study of the archives of Franklin Roosevelt's presidential library found no evidence to support this statement. The phrase first appeared in the November 15, 1948 issue of Time magazine; On March 17, 1960, it was mentioned in the CBS broadcast Trujillo: Portrait of a Dictator as being said in reference to Rafael Trujillo of the Dominican Republic. Thus, the authorship and object of this statement remain doubtful.
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Excerpt characterizing Somoza Garcia, Anastasio
Prince Andrei looked at Timokhin, who looked at his commander in fear and bewilderment. In contrast to his previous restrained silence, Prince Andrei now seemed agitated. He apparently could not resist expressing those thoughts that unexpectedly came to him.– The battle will be won by the one who is determined to win it. Why did we lose the battle at Austerlitz? Our loss was almost equal to the French, but we told ourselves very early that we had lost the battle - and we lost. And we said this because we had no need to fight there: we wanted to leave the battlefield as quickly as possible. “If you lose, then run away!” - we ran. If we hadn’t said this until the evening, God knows what would have happened. And tomorrow we won’t say this. You say: our position, the left flank is weak, the right flank is stretched,” he continued, “all this is nonsense, there is none of this.” What do we have in store for tomorrow? A hundred million of the most varied contingencies that will be decided instantly by the fact that they or ours ran or will run, that they will kill this one, they will kill the other; and what is being done now is all fun. The fact is that those with whom you traveled in position not only do not contribute to the general course of affairs, but interfere with it. They are busy only with their own small interests.
- At such a moment? - Pierre said reproachfully.
“At such a moment,” repeated Prince Andrei, “for them it is only such a moment in which they can dig under the enemy and get an extra cross or ribbon.” For me, for tomorrow this is this: a hundred thousand Russian and a hundred thousand French troops came together to fight, and the fact is that these two hundred thousand are fighting, and whoever fights angrier and feels less sorry for himself will win. And if you want, I’ll tell you that, no matter what it is, no matter what is confused up there, we will win the battle tomorrow. Tomorrow, no matter what, we will win the battle!
“Here, your Excellency, the truth, the true truth,” said Timokhin. - Why feel sorry for yourself now! The soldiers in my battalion, would you believe it, didn’t drink vodka: it’s not such a day, they say. - Everyone was silent.
The officers stood up. Prince Andrei went out with them outside the barn, giving the last orders to the adjutant. When the officers left, Pierre approached Prince Andrei and was just about to start a conversation when the hooves of three horses clattered along the road not far from the barn, and, looking in this direction, Prince Andrei recognized Wolzogen and Clausewitz, accompanied by a Cossack. They drove close, continuing to talk, and Pierre and Andrey involuntarily heard the following phrases:
– Der Krieg muss im Raum verlegt werden. Der Ansicht kann ich nicht genug Preis geben, [War must be transferred to space. I cannot praise this view enough (German)] - said one.
“O ja,” said another voice, “da der Zweck ist nur den Feind zu schwachen, so kann man gewiss nicht den Verlust der Privatpersonen in Achtung nehmen.” [Oh yes, since the goal is to weaken the enemy, the losses of private individuals cannot be taken into account]
“O ja, [Oh yes (German)],” confirmed the first voice.
“Yes, im Raum verlegen, [transfer into space (German)],” Prince Andrei repeated, snorting angrily through his nose, when they passed. – Im Raum then [In space (German)] I still have a father, a son, and a sister in Bald Mountains. He doesn't care. This is what I told you - these German gentlemen will not win the battle tomorrow, but will only spoil how much their strength will be, because in his German head there are only reasonings that are not worth a damn, and in his heart there is nothing that is only and what is needed for tomorrow is what is in Timokhin. They gave all of Europe to him and came to teach us - glorious teachers! – his voice squealed again.
– So you think that tomorrow’s battle will be won? - said Pierre.
“Yes, yes,” said Prince Andrei absently. “One thing I would do if I had power,” he began again, “I would not take prisoners.” What are prisoners? This is chivalry. The French have ruined my house and are going to ruin Moscow, and they have insulted and insulted me every second. They are my enemies, they are all criminals, according to my standards. And Timokhin and the entire army think the same. We must execute them. If they are my enemies, then they cannot be friends, no matter how they talk in Tilsit.
“Yes, yes,” said Pierre, looking at Prince Andrei with sparkling eyes, “I completely, completely agree with you!”
The question that had been troubling Pierre since Mozhaisk Mountain all that day now seemed to him completely clear and completely resolved. He now understood the whole meaning and significance of this war and the upcoming battle. Everything he saw that day, all the significant, stern expressions on faces that he glimpsed, were illuminated for him with a new light. He understood that hidden (latente), as they say in physics, warmth of patriotism, which was in all those people whom he saw, and which explained to him why all these people were calmly and seemingly frivolously preparing for death.
Once upon a time at the President of the United States Franklin Roosevelt asked how assurances of support for democracy around the world fit with White House patronage of the Nicaraguan dictator Anastasio Samosa. To which Roosevelt, without blinking an eye, replied: “Samosa may be a son of a bitch, but he’s our son of a bitch.” Cynical reliance on sadists and international criminals in various parts of the globe has always been an integral part of American diplomacy, since it helped to cut the world according to its own patterns at minimal cost. What kind of democracy is this? It's just a beautiful figure of speech.
William Walker (? - 1860)
Samosa was not the first US "son of a bitch" in Nicaragua. In the middle of the 19th century, Americans relied on a type for whom the prison clearly cried. It was at this time that the Americans intended to dig a canal through the territory of Nicaragua - since Panama did not exist then. It appeared later as a result of the “color revolution” organized by the United States.
The White House appointee had to stop the unrest in Nicaragua and, having become president, issue permission to lay the canal. The choice fell on US citizen William Walker. Together with a gang of 57 mercenaries, Walker invaded the independent Central American state in 1855 and, as a result of a bloody coup, became its president. His first decree was the restoration of slavery in Nicaragua. The Americans were triumphant.
But the joy was premature. Walker seized the property of a joint stock company that intended to build a canal. And at that moment he became an ordinary son of a bitch for the United States, not at all one of his own. The Americans created an anti-Walker coalition, which included Honduras, El Salvador, Guatemala and Costa Rica. And the coalition troops quickly swept the presumptuous adventurer out of the country.
But he did not calm down there. In November 1857, Walker attempted to recapture Nicaragua, but was unsuccessful. In the spring of 1860 he invaded Honduras, was defeated and executed by court.
Anastasio Samosa (1896 - 1956)
The Americans learned a lesson from this mistake. And in the next century they made the right choice. Their hopes were more than justified by Nicaraguan Anastasio Samosa, who emigrated to the United States. At first, he was engaged in counterfeiting. But then, after serving six months in prison, he started selling used cars. In 1927, Samosa and American Marines were sent to Nicaragua to overthrow the democratic government. Augusto Sandino. The coup failed. However, Sandino agreed to create some kind of arbitration force that would be able to resolve political conflicts. This is how the National Guard appeared, led by “General” Samosa.
This was the fatal mistake of the Sandinistas. Having settled in and taken root in the military establishment, in 1934 Samosa ordered the assassination of Sandino and key members of the government. And three years later he became president, enjoying virtually unlimited power until his death.
More than 10 thousand people became victims of the Samosa regime. His son, to whom power passed, has already destroyed tens of thousands. However, in terms of cruelty, the son was far from his father. When the plot was discovered, Samosa the elder ordered the rebels to be burned alive. He was also unusually greedy. By the 50s, his family clan completely controlled the trade in weapons, alcoholic beverages, drugs, and medicines. Organized prostitution, gambling houses, radio and television, tax collection and rural justice were also under her jurisdiction. At the same time, as they say, he was pretty weird. For example, having hated tango, he ordered all Nicaraguans to hand over gramophone records with this “vile” dance for destruction.
Still, the bullet found the “true democrat.” In September 1956, a successful assassination attempt was organized on him. And 8 days later he died in an American hospital.
Rafael Trujillo (1891 - 1961)
He came to power in the Dominican Republic in 1930. The mechanism used was typical for Latin and Central American countries. Military career, bribery, conspiracies, coups. And quite soon he became the bearer of the following quite official ranks and titles: Generalissimo, Admiral of the Fleet, Benefactor of the Fatherland, Liberator of the Nation, Patron of Fine Arts and Literature, First Doctor, First Doctor of Sciences... Although in a whisper, risking his head, he was called a goat for his sexual promiscuity.
He ruled until 1961, satisfying the main demands of the United States - he tirelessly fought against communism. As, indeed, are all American puppets. Under him, there was only one party, there was strict censorship and unlimited police brutality. Trujillo was pathologically cruel. After the suppression of the strike of agricultural workers, all its participants were sent to prison. A week later it was reported that all the troublemakers, several hundred, had committed suicide.
He also carried out ethnic cleansing. For example, with the support of the National Guard, 20 thousand seasonal workers from Haiti were cut out. The Americans, observing this from the sidelines, joked: “Dominicans are sent to prison even for complaining about bad weather.”
Trujillo, like Samosa, took over the entire economy. All farms with the most fertile lands belonged to his clan. But at the same time, the country's economy was rapidly going downhill. The communist partisan movement was gaining strength. The decrepit dictator was unable to cope with the growing problems. And in 1961, as a result of a conspiracy organized by the CIA, Trujillo was shot and killed.
Alfredo Stroessner (1912 - 2006)
Ruled Paraguay from 1954 to 1989. Of course, he was a general. From a family of German emigrants. And this goes some way to explaining why he welcomed many Nazi criminals with open arms, including the world-famous sadistic executioner Dr. Mengele.
Under him, Nazis warmed up in Paraguay ran the prisons and served as guards there. According to some reports, almost a quarter of the country's residents have been imprisoned. Lawlessness reigned blatantly; quite often, disfigured corpses of arrested people were found in vacant lots, or even right on the streets.
During the years of his reign, out of 250 thousand native Indians, 220 thousand were killed. They were literally hunted - they were poisoned with dogs, traps were set, poisoned food was scattered.
Unemployment and hunger reigned in the country, people were decimated by disease, since there was no medical care outside the capital. The average life expectancy was 50 years.
And at the same time, Stroessner annually received financial assistance from the United States, which was, in essence, payment for the fight against communism.
However, at the same time, discontent accumulated among the military elite, which received crumbs from the plunder of the country. And in 1989, Stroessner was overthrown by his son-in-law, also a general. The fiend of hell lived to be 94 years old in Brazil.
Francois Duvalier (1907 - 1971)
This one was an even bigger fiend than Stroessner. He was a doctor, having received a full medical education, but came to power in Haiti in 1957 as a result of a traditional military coup.
He killed 50 thousand people without trial or investigation. 300 thousand people fled from the island in horror. Covered the entire country with a network of prisons and concentration camps. He kept the residents in fear by posing as an all-powerful voodoo sorcerer, Baron Saturday, the leader of the dead. His secret police, essentially death squads, consisted of “people from the other world.” That is, gullible Haitians, most of them illiterate, were told that death was not the worst thing for them, but that turning them into zombies was much worse.
And all this was introduced into the consciousness of the islanders with the help of all media channels. Newspapers were full of photographs of mutilated corpses, severed heads and other horrors. There were reports on the radio about executions. Duvalier, undoubtedly, was not inferior in terms of sadism to Mengele, warmed by Stroessner. In his palace, for “personal needs,” a torture chamber was set up with the appropriate devices and equipment. At the same time, murders were also a commercial matter. 5,000 liters of frozen blood were sold monthly in the United States.
Washington was interested in the Duvalier regime. He was helped not only financially, but also with the help of the army. In 1970, military sailors attempted a coup. Three ships began to fire at the presidential palace. The mutiny was suppressed with the help of the US Air Force.
True, young president John Kennedy who was shocked by all this out of habit, began to criticize the Haitian dictator. It even went as far as stopping economic assistance. However, Kennedy was soon shot dead. Duvalier cleverly took advantage of this by showing off a Kennedy doll riddled with needles. Like, this is his personal merit.
He died of natural causes in 1971. His son continued his work - Jean-Claude Duvalier. The methods were the same, but the grip was weaker. As a result, he was overthrown in 1986.
History shows that the United States does not hesitate to do anything to solve its problems. This was the case before, and this continues to this day. During the war of the Soviet Union in Afghanistan, the States raised Osama bin Laden. Which eventually got out of control. In the Balkans, in order to weaken Serbia and other fragments of Yugoslavia, they took the side of the Kosovo Albanians, who are still creating tension in the region. In Ukraine, they did not hesitate to support outright fascists to carry out a coup. Qatar supports the current ruling emir, who openly finances ISIS*. They need it because the United States has the largest military base in the region in Qatar. Plus the financial interests of the American elite. And this is far from a complete list of “sons of bitches” in the United States.
*The “Islamic State” (ISIS) was recognized as a terrorist organization by the decision of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation on December 29, 2014, its activities in Russia are prohibited
| President of Nicaragua |
San Marcos
Panama Canal Zone
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Anastasio Somoza Garcia(Spanish) Anastasio Somoza Garcia ; February 1 - September 29) - Nicaraguan military and statesman, de facto head of Nicaragua from 1936 to 1956.
Somoza regime
Under Somoza, a strict authoritarian regime was established in Nicaragua. The Guard became the arbiter of destinies in Nicaragua [ style] . She controlled the trade in weapons, alcoholic beverages, drugs, and medicines in the country. Organized prostitution, gambling houses, radio and television, tax collection and rural justice were also under her jurisdiction. Anastasio Somoza himself was considered already in the mid-1940s one of the richest people in all of Mesoamerica. He was an extreme anti-communist (in particular, surrealism was banned in any form as “communist art”), patronized fascist and Nazi organizations, and showed open sympathy for Hitler before the start of World War II. However, on December 8, 1941 he declared war on Germany.
"Our son of a bitch"
Despite his authoritarianism, the anti-communist Somoza enjoyed political support from the United States. Franklin Roosevelt is credited with saying in 1939: “Somoza may be a son of a bitch, but he’s our son of a bitch.” As historian David Schmitz points out, a study of the archives of Franklin Roosevelt's presidential library found no evidence to support this statement. The phrase first appeared in the November 15, 1948 issue of Time magazine; On March 17, 1960, it was mentioned in the CBS broadcast Trujillo: Portrait of a Dictator as being said in reference to Rafael Trujillo of the Dominican Republic. Thus, the authorship and object of this statement remain doubtful.
see also
Write a review of the article "Somoza Garcia, Anastasio"
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- InoSMI.ru:
- (Spanish)
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| An excerpt characterizing Somoza García, Anastasio Caraffa suffered... His temporarily lasting, bright “youth”, given once by a strange “guest” of Meteora, suddenly began to leave very quickly, causing his body to age much faster than it would have been if he hadn’t tried he was at one time a deceptive “gift”... Just recently fit, slender and youthful, the cardinal suddenly began to turn into a stooped, drooping old man.... A whole “bunch” of his personal doctors were panicking!.. They honestly racked their brains, trying to understand what kind of “terrible” thing this was. is the disease devouring their beloved “holiness”?.. But there was no answer to this. And Caraffa was still aging “acceleratedly” before his eyes... This infuriated him, forcing him to do the stupidest things, hoping to stop the fleeing time, which with each new day, in transparent grains, mercilessly flowed through his aging, but still very beautiful, thin fingers. .. This man had everything... His power and authority extended to all Christian kingdoms. Lords and kings obeyed him. The princess kissed his hand... And with all that, his only earthly life was approaching sunset. And the thought that he was helpless to change anything drove him into despair! Karaffa was an extremely strong and strong-willed person. But his will could not return him to his youth... He was well educated and smart. But his mind did not allow him to prolong his so wildly desired, but already slowly leaving him, precious life... And with all this, wanting and not getting what he wanted, Caraffa understood perfectly well - I knew HOW it was possible to give him what he wanted. that he was ready to pay the most expensive price in the world... I knew HOW it was possible to extend his slipping life. And the “saint” Pope was maddened by the fact that he also knew perfectly well that he would never get what he wanted from me. A wild thirst to live overpowered any of his human feelings, if any had ever arisen in him... Now he was just a man “sick” with one single idea, eliminating any obstacles that came across on the way to his great, but hardly feasible goals... Caraffa became an obsessive who was ready to do anything to fulfill his greatest desire - to live a very long time, no matter what the cost... |
Phrase he may be a son of a bitch, but he's our son of a bitch allegedly said by Franklin Delano Roosevelt about the Nicaraguan dictator Somoza (the elder) before the latter's visit to Washington in 1939.
Safir's Political Dictionary(Oxford University Press, 2008, p.676) states that this statement was first attributed to Roosevelt in Time magazine in 1948, allegedly from Welles (who was Deputy Secretary of State in 1939), in the form " As Nicaraguan might say, he"s a sonofabitch but he"s ours". Indeed, this story is in the issue of Time dated November 15, 1948. However, Time magazine does not provide any sources, so Safir classifies the phrase as apocryphal.
What is more interesting is that in some later editions this apocrypha appears in the form of a dialogue between Roosevelt and his Secretary of State Cordell Hull, with Hull speaking the main words. Here's a typical example:
President Franklin Roosevelt reportedly had questioned Secretary of State Cordell Hull, "Isn't that man supposed to be a son of a bitch?" The secretary reportedly replied, "He sure is but he is our son of a bitch"This is “more interesting” in light of recent research.(Robert Sheina, Latin America's Wars, Brassey's 2003, p.184)
Andrew Crawley, author of Somoza and Roosevelt (Oxford University Press, 2007), found this story in a book published in 1934, five years before the Nicaraguan dictator's visit to Washington. The characters there are completely different:
After the 1932 Chicago Convention, General Hugh Johnson ... was asked what he thought of his nomination. Johnson replied by recalling a story of a country convention of Democrats in which the wrong man had been chosen. Driving home from the meeting, two politicians were comparing notes. Both had opposed the succesfull candidate. One said to the other, "Damn it all! ... he is son of a bitch!" the other man sighed and said nothing for a long time. Then he cheered up, "After all", he observed, "... he"s our son of a bitch"Crawley believes that the spreader of the legend attributing these words to Roosevelt is... Somoza himself, who loved to boast about his “special” relationship with the American president.John F. Carter The New Dealers: By the Unofficial Observers(Simon & Shuster, 1934)
In any case, I believe that here we are dealing with a wandering duck, an ancient joke that American politicians told each other. The characters changed depending on the preferences of the narrator. This was the case until the printing press finally assigned “authorship” to Roosevelt-Hull.
Anastasio Garcia Somoza
Somoza, Somoza Garcia Anastasio (1.2.1896, San Marcos - 29.9.1956), Nicaraguan statesman, general (1926). The son of a wealthy coffee plantation owner. He received his education in Nicaragua, then in Philadelphia (USA). Returning to Nicaragua, he married a representative of the wealthy and very influential Debail family. He took part in the removal of President A. Diaz (1926). Under President X. Moncada (1928-32), he served as Minister of Foreign Affairs and translator for the US Marine Expeditionary Force in Nicaragua. In 1932, the Americans, leaving Nicaragua, appointed S. commander of the National Guard, which was just beginning to be created. Relying on the loyal military, S. overthrew President X. Baptiste Sacasa (who was the uncle of S.'s wife) in 1936 and was then elected president of the country. On January 1, 1937, he officially took over the post of head of state. Established a regime of personal power, brutally suppressing any manifestations of opposition. With financial and military support from the United States, S. managed to defeat the troops of A. Sandino. Increased the term of office as president from 4 to 6 years. 12/8/1941 declared war on Germany. In 1947, he allowed L. Arguello to be elected president, but a month after the inauguration he declared him incompetent and again led the country, and in 1950 he officially took over the post of president. He established a one-party regime of the Liberal Party in the country, then allowed the activities of the Conservative Party (with which he entered into a pact that provided the latter with a certain number of seats in parliament). In 1948 he took part in the military intervention (subsidized by the United States) in Costa Rica, then in the intervention in Guatemala (1954). In 1954 he signed an agreement with the United States, which placed Nicaraguan military formations under the full control of American military advisers. By the end of his life he had made a huge fortune for himself, becoming the richest landowner in the country. Mortally wounded by nationalist R. Lopez Peretz. After his death, his son Luis Somoza Debail came to power, and in 1967 his 2nd son, Anastasio Somoza Debail. The Somoza family ruled Nicaragua until 1979.
Zalessky K.A. Who was who in the Second World War. Allies of the USSR. M., 2004
Somoza Anastasio Garcia, President of Nicaragua in 1936-1947 and 1950-1956, in fact a dictator. Killed by conspirators.
Tacho early became interested in gambling, wine and women. His father sent him to Philadelphia to business school, but in America, instead of studying, Anastasio began reselling used cars, and squandered the proceeds from his business in gambling houses.
Then Somoza Sr. returned his son to Nicaragua, purchased a tavern for him and married him to Salvador, the daughter of Dr. Luis J. Debayle and Casimira Sacasa, the sister of the future President of Nicaragua, Juan Sacasa.
Marriage did not calm down Tacho. Very soon the tavern went under the hammer for gambling debts, and the same fate befell the San Marcos estate, which Anastasio inherited from his father. To improve his financial affairs, Anastasio became a counterfeiter.
In 1921, he was arrested along with an accomplice and future chief of staff of the National Guard, Camilo Gonzalez.
In 1926, the military forces of the Liberal Party removed President Adolfo Diaz. The Debayles were influential figures in the Liberal Party and helped their son-in-law Somoza get nominated.
Somoza combined his duties as Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs in the government of President José María Moncada with serving as a translator for the US Marine Expeditionary Force in Nicaragua.
General Calvin B. Matthews, the last American chief of the Nicaraguan National Guard, recommended Somoza to take his place. In November 1932, new President Juan Bautista Sacasa appointed General Somoza to command the National Guard.
After the end of World War II, Somoza, anticipating the intensification of opponents of his rule, made broad promises of reforms, which remained only promises.
Somoza rewrote the Constitution of Nicaragua four times in his own interests, and changed ministers like gloves. Follower Hitler, Mussolini And Hirohito who gave him their portraits with touching inscriptions, he introduced USA in World War II quickly turned into a “democrat”, and then found contacts with the Zionists, making their man I. Arazi his ambassador for special assignments in Western Europe.
In early April 1954, a group of guards attempted to stage a coup in Managua with the intention of physically eliminating Somoza. The dictator found out about this in a timely manner and suppressed the rebellion. He ordered the captured rebels to be burned alive. His victims numbered in the thousands, and during the reign of his successors, in the tens of thousands.
On September 21, in the second largest Nicaraguan city of Leon, a fiesta was held at the local Workers' Club to mark the proclamation of the dictator as a presidential candidate for a new term. The hero of the occasion was here. In the midst of the evening, when at the table where Tacho was sitting, another toast was being proclaimed to the candidate’s upcoming success, and the orchestra was playing the popular mambo tune “Caballo Negro” (black horse), one of the dancers (it was Rigoberto with his partner) quietly approached the president's table and seriously wounded Somoza with four shots.
After the assassination attempt, Somoza was sent by helicopter to the hospital in the American Panama Canal Zone, where those sent by the president arrived D. Eisenhower surgeons Despite their efforts, Somoza died on September 29. This is how 60-year-old Tacho ended his days ingloriously. During his lifetime he said: “I think I will remain in power for 40 years, but if USA If they judge differently, then I’m ready to leave the presidential palace even tomorrow.” He held power for a little over 20 years and left for another world at the behest of not the Americans, but their opponents.
I.Mussky. One Hundred Great Dictators. M.Veche, 2000
Read further:
Picado Michalski Teodoro(1900-1960), personal secretary of A. Somoza.
