Morphology

INDEPENDENT PARTS OF SPEECH (13)

• 32. Words of the state category (22 - 22)

  FUNCTIONAL PARTS OF SPEECH (22)

MORPHOLOGY is a section of grammar that studies different aspects of a word: its belonging to a certain part of speech, structure, forms of change, ways of expressing grammatical meanings.

PARTS OF SPEECH are lexical and grammatical categories into which the words of the language fall apart due to the presence of

1. a semantic feature (some general meaning that accompanies the specific lexical meaning of a given word),
2. morphological feature (a system of grammatical categories specific to a given category of words),
3. syntactic feature (features of syntactic functioning).

In Russian, independent and auxiliary words are distinguished.

INDEPENDENT PARTS OF SPEECH

Independent (significant) parts of speech are categories of words that name an object, action, quality, state, etc. or point to them and which have an independent lexical and grammatical meaning and are members of the sentence (main or secondary).

The independent parts of speech are:

1. noun,
2. adjective,
3. numeral,
4. pronoun,
5. verb,
6. adverb.

Part of speech- this is a category of words of the language, which is determined by syntactic and morphological features. In the languages ​​of the world, first of all, the name (further divided into a noun, adjective, etc.) and a verb are opposed. It is also generally accepted to divide parts of speech into independent and service parts. In the article Morphological analysis, you can see many additional characteristics of parts of speech.

Independent parts of speech(include words naming objects, their actions and various signs):
1. Noun
2. Verb
3. Adjective
4. Numeral
5. Pronoun
6. Adverb
7. Participle
8. gerund
9. Condition Category Words

Service parts of speech(they name neither objects, nor actions, nor signs, but only express the relationship between them):
1. Pretext
2. Particles
3. Unions
4. Interjections, onomatopoeic words.

Noun

A noun is a part of speech that refers to an object. The noun answers the questions: who? what? (dad, song). They are distinguished by gender, and nouns change by cases and numbers. There are animate (human) and inanimate (house).

Adjective

Qualitative adjectives are adjectives denoting a property of an object that can manifest itself with different intensity: fast, white, old. Qualitative adjectives have degrees of comparison and short forms: fast, white, old. Relative adjectives are adjectives denoting the property of the object itself in relation to the action or another object: iron, measuring, door, inflatable. Possessive adjectives are adjectives that indicate the belonging of the object they define to someone or something: sisters, fathers, foxes.

numeral

The numeral is a part of speech that means:

• number of items, answering the question: How many?, these are cardinal numbers: three, fifteen, one hundred thirty-five;
• the order of items when counting, answering the question: which the?, these are ordinal numbers: third, fifteenth, one hundred thirty-fifth;
• the total number of items, this is a collective numeral: both, two, four, six, nine, etc.

Pronoun

A pronoun is a part of speech that refers to a person, attribute, or object without naming it. Pronouns are divided into:

• personal: we, me, you, you, she, it, he, they;
• reflexive: oneself;
• possessive: ours, mine, yours, yours, yours;
• interrogative-relative: what, who, what, what, whose, how much, which, which;
• demonstrative: that, this, such, so many, such;
• definitive: most, himself, all, all, all, all, everyone, everyone, other, any;
• negative: nothing, no one, nothing, none, no one;
• indefinite: some, something, some, someone, several, something, someone, some, something, some.

More about the pronoun for beginners in the video:

Verb

A verb is a part of speech that denotes a state or action, answers any of the following questions: what to do?, what have you been doing?, what is he doing?, what will do?, and has features of aspect, person, voice, tense, number, gender and mood (subjunctive, past tense). There are such forms of verbs: infinitive, participle and participle.

1. The infinitive is an indefinite form without signs of person, tense, number, pledge, gender and mood: sleep, run, read.
2. Participle- the non-conjugated form of the verb, denotes the action or state of an object in a form that changes over time; the participle can change by case, number and gender, and also has signs of type, tense and voice (this is what differs from the adjective). Participles, in turn, are divided into several types:
3. Real communion is an action performed by the bearer of the sign: a blossoming garden, a student reading;
4. Passive communion is a sign that arose as a result of the impact of something or someone on the bearer of the sign: leaves blown by the wind, a stone thrown.
5. gerund- this is an invariable form of the verb, designates an action as a sign of another action: exhausted, sat down on a bench; spoke without looking into his eyes. It differs from participle in that it has signs of pledge and aspect, but does not change.

Adverb

An adverb is a part of speech that denotes a sign of a quality, action or object, answering the question: when?, as?, where?, why? etc. The main feature of an adverb is immutability: yesterday, slowly, everywhere, etc. adverbs also include pronominal adverbs: nowhere, where, so, no way, like, when, sometimes, never, from where, from here, to where , there, why, therefore, because, why, then, etc.

Pretext

A preposition is an invariable service part of speech used to connect words: to, in, from, from, on, y, between, through, for the sake of, during, by, around, like, about, relatively, thanks to, according to, later, really, despite, due to, in connection with, depending on, in relation to, etc.

Union

A union is an invariable service part of speech that serves to connect the members of a sentence and (or) parts of a complex sentence (it is necessary to distinguish the union from prepositions, the preposition connects words, not syntactic units). Union types:

1. coordinating conjunctions: yes, and, but, or, but, or, also, too.
2. Subordinating conjunctions: before, when, while, in order to, what, how, because, since, due to the fact that, as if, so, as if, once, if, although, in order to, despite the fact that, not only ... but also ..., not so much ... as ... etc.

Particle

Particles are service words that give semantic or emotional nuances to individual words or sentences: neither, not, something, -something, -something, -sya (s), -te, -ka, same, -de, whether, it happened, would, yes, let, even, only, almost, at least, only, perhaps, give, really, know, well, come on, they say, after all, they say, well, as if, as if , exactly, sort of, as if, supposedly, perhaps, tea, maybe, just, just, almost, or something, almost, etc.

Bundle

A link is a function word that has broken away from the paradigm of a pronoun or a verb. The link indicates the syntactic relations of the components of the sentence. Linkages include words, phrases, conjugated forms of verbs, forms of the verb to be, for example: this, this is, is, is, means, appears, is called, means. Often ligaments are omitted and dashes are put in their place in the sentence, for example: The car - [is] not a luxury, but a means of transportation.

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1. Parts of speech in Russian, criteria for their selection.

In modern Russian, independent and service parts of speech, interjections and onomatopoeic words are distinguished. Independent (significant) parts of speech name objects, their qualities, properties or actions or point to them. They have their own grammatical meanings, carry verbal stress and play the role of the main or secondary members of the sentence. The independent parts of speech include nouns, adjectives, numerals, pronouns, verbs, adverbs. Some scientists - authors of textbooks (V. V. Babaitseva, L. D. Chesnokova) consider participle and participle to be independent parts of speech. But more often, participles and gerunds are referred to by scientists as special forms of the verb (N. M. Shansky, M. M. Razumovskaya). Service parts of speech (prepositions, conjunctions, particles) do not name the phenomena of reality, but indicate various relationships between words (prepositions), words and sentences (conjunctions) or give semantic and emotional shades to words and sentences (particles). They do not have forms of inflection, do not have verbal stress, are not members of a sentence. Interjections in Russian express, but do not name the feelings of the speaker: Oh! Yes! Alas! etc. Onomatopoeic words reproduce sounds, cries: ku-ka-re-ku, mu-u-u, etc. Neither interjections nor onomatopoeic words are members of the sentence.

2. Word combination, its purpose in the language. The structure and types of phrases

according to the way the main word is expressed.

3. Make a syntactic analysis of the sentence, draw a diagram.

1. Nominal parts of speech, their common and distinctive features.

Nominal parts of speech in Russian are a noun, an adjective, a numeral, a pronoun. The features of these parts of speech are studied by morphology.

Nominal parts of speech are independent (meaningful), changeable (declined) parts of speech, are members of a sentence.

The noun occupies one of the main places in our speech. Everything that exists in the world is called a word - a noun. Nouns designate an object, answer the questions who? what? (boy, cat, blizzard, decision, Moscow, blue, excitement). The subject in grammar is everything that you can ask who is it? what is it?, for example: who is it? - human; what is this? - textbook. Nouns are divided into groups depending on the lexical meaning:

1) specific - they call objects of the surrounding world (living or inanimate nature): house, picture, TV; boy, dog, bullfinch, oak;

2) real - they call substances: gold, oil, gas, salt, polyethylene;

3) abstract - they call phenomena perceived mentally: properties, qualities: whiteness, kindness, stupidity; actions: running, changing, pushing; states: joy, sleep, laziness; natural phenomena: blizzard, rainbow; social phenomena: parade, reform;

4) collective - they call a lot of identical objects as one: foliage, children.

Nouns denoting generalized names of homogeneous objects (phenomena) are called common nouns, for example: river, mountain, city, kindness, uprising, titmouse. Nouns denoting the names of single (separate) objects are called proper, for example: Mikhail Vasilievich Lomonosov, Yuri Dolgoruky, cat Marquis, Europe, Arbat. Nouns are divided into animate (Volzhanin, carpenter, bear cub) and inanimate (house, newspaper, Meshchera).

The division into animate and inanimate nouns does not always coincide with the division of everything that exists in nature into living and inanimate, for example, the names of plants, the words people, children, flock, youth are inanimate, and the words doll, dead man, dead man, ace, jack, trump card (card terms) - to the animated ones.

Nouns refer to the masculine (man, house, tiger), feminine (sister, hut, tigress), middle (generation, impression, patronymic) gender. Usually it is not difficult to determine the gender of nouns, but there is a group of words for which the gender can be correctly determined only by referring to the dictionary: swan - masculine; shampoo - masculine; chassis - neuter; callus is feminine.

Some masculine nouns denoting a profession, occupation, can be used to refer to both male and female persons (lawyer, geologist, salesman).

Foreign nouns are more often neuter (cafe, menu, atelier); masculine gender includes nouns that name males or animals (maestro, kangaroo); to the feminine - nouns that call females (miss, madam, frau, lady).

The gender of geographical names is determined by the gender of the related common nouns (Tbilisi - city - masculine).

Depending on gender, nouns belong to the 1st declension (masculine, feminine with endings -a, -i, words of the general gender - egoz®); to the 2nd declension (masculine gender with zero ending, neuter gender with endings -o, -e); to the 3rd declension (feminine with a zero ending), for example: hotel®, Ban@ - 1st declension, business \ o ±, nail ^ - 2nd declension, youth ^), sensitivity ^] - 3rd declination.

So, nouns have a specific lexical and general grammatical meaning (subject), are divided into groups depending on the meaning, have constant morphological features (proper - common noun; animate - inanimate; gender, declension).

Adjectives designate a sign of an object and answer the questions what? which? which? which? With the help of adjectives, an object can be characterized from different points of view. If adjectives indicate the quality of an object, which can manifest itself to a greater or lesser extent (smart - smarter (comparative degree) - the smartest (superlative degree), they are called qualitative. Qualitative adjectives characterize the object: ruddy, kind, big, warm.

Adjectives indicating that the object they define is related to another object are called relative: silver - related to silver, from silver; Moscow - is related to Moscow. The belonging of an object to a person or animal is determined by possessive adjectives: mother (dress), foxes (footprints), Petina (book).

So, adjectives have a specific lexical and general grammatical meaning (a sign of an object) and a constant sign - a category by value (qualitative, relative, possessive). There are many words in Russian that have the meaning of numbers, counts, for example: two, two, double, doubled, doubling. But only the word two is a numeral.

The numeral is a nominal part of speech that denotes the number, the number of objects (two days), their order in counting (the second student) and answers the questions how much? which? which the? (by account).

Numerals by value are divided into quantitative (answer the question how many? - five, fifteen, twenty-five, one hundred and twenty-five) and ordinal (answer the question which one? Or which one? - fifth, fifteenth, twenty-fifth).

Cardinal numbers can mean whole numbers (five), fractional numbers (one-fifth) or have a collective meaning (five).

Numerals are simple (consist of one word), complex and compound (two or more words): eleven, five hundred, one thousand two hundred and thirty-one.

So, numerals have a specific lexical and general grammatical meaning (numbers) and constant morphological features: they are ordinal and quantitative, simple, complex and compound, integer, fractional and collective (only quantitative).

Pronouns are words that are used instead of a name, denote persons (I, you, we, you, he, she, it, they), indicate objects, signs of objects, the number of objects, without specifically naming them (that, this, everyone , so much). Pronouns differ from all other nominal parts of speech in that they themselves do not have an independent meaning, but in speech, in the text this meaning becomes specific, because it corresponds to a specific person, object, sign, quantity: There was a vase on the table. It [the vase] was of unusual shape. It happened in a city that [the city] is known to everyone. According to the meaning and grammatical features, nine categories of pronouns are distinguished: 1) personal (I, we; you, you; he, she, it; they); 2) returnable (oneself); 3) possessive (mine, yours, ours, yours, yours); 4) demonstrative (this, that, such, such, such, so many); 5) definitive (himself, most, all, everyone, each, different); 6) relative (who, what, what, what, which, how much, whose); 7) interrogative (who? what? what? whose? who? how much? where? when? where? from where? why? why? what?); 8) negative (no one, nothing, no one); 9) indefinite (someone, something, someone, anyone, anyone, someone). Pronouns have morphological features of the part of speech with which they correspond.

So, all nominal parts of speech are independent, have a specific lexical and general grammatical meaning and constant morphological features (grammatical meanings).

The initial form for nominal parts of speech is the nominative case, singular, masculine (except for a noun). Irregular symptoms are also common. Nominal parts of speech change in cases, numbers, genders (except for the noun). We will prove this by changing sequentially all the words in the phrase, consisting of nominal parts of speech.

For qualitative adjectives, a changeable feature is a change in the form of the word (full or short), the degree of comparison (comparative and superlative).

Nominal parts of speech in a sentence act as main or secondary members.

Noun

Noun- a part of speech that denotes an object and answers the questions who? what?

Note.

A subject in grammar is anything that can be asked about. who is it? what is this?

By meaning, nouns are divided into own and common nouns, animated and inanimate.
Nouns are either masculine, feminine or neuter.

Note.
Nouns by gender do not change.

Nouns change by cases and by numbers.
The initial form of a noun is the nominative singular.
In a sentence, nouns are most often subject and object, as well as inconsistent definition, application, circumstance and nominal part of the compound predicate.

Proper nouns and common nouns

Proper nouns- These are the names of individuals, single objects.
Proper nouns include:

1. surnames (pseudonyms, nicknames), first names, patronymics of people, as well as nicknames of animals.
2. geographical names
3. astronomical names
4. names of newspapers, magazines, works of literature and art, factories, ships, etc.

Note.
Proper nouns should be distinguished from proper denominations.

Proper nouns sometimes turn into common nouns (for example: Ampere - a French scientist, ampere - a unit of electric current strength

Common nouns- this is a common name for all homogeneous objects and phenomena.
Common nouns can become proper nouns (for example: earth - land, Earth - a planet in the solar system).

Nouns, animate and inanimate

Animated nouns serve as the names of people, animals and answer the question who?
Inanimate nouns serve as the names of inanimate objects, as well as objects of the plant world and answer the question what?
Inanimate also include nouns such as group, people, crowd, flock, youth, etc.

The number of nouns.

Nouns are used in the singular when we are talking about one subject, and in the plural when several subjects are meant.
Some nouns are either used only in the singular or only in the plural.

Nouns that only have the singular form:

1. Names of many identical persons, objects (collective nouns): youth, children, students, humanity and etc.
2. Names of objects with a real value: asphalt, iron, strawberries, milk, steel, beets, kerosene and etc.
3. Names of quality or feature: whiteness, malice, dexterity, youth, freshness, blueness, darkness, blackness and etc.
4. Action or state names: mowing, felling, execution, suggestion, burning and etc.
5. Proper names as names of single objects: Moscow, Volga and etc.
6. The words: burden, udder, flame, crown

Nouns that only have a plural form:

1. Names of composite and paired items: pants, scales, railings, vise, tongs, rakes, scissors, pitchforks, swings and etc.
2. Names of materials or their waste, residues: white, yeast, pasta, cream, bran, sawdust and etc.
3. Names of time intervals, games: hide and seek, hide and seek, chess, holidays, day, weekdays and etc.
4. Names of actions and states of nature: chores, elections, negotiations, shoots, frosts, debates and etc.
5. Some geographical names: Carpathians, Fili, Gorki, Athens, Alps, Sokolniki and etc.

Cases of nouns

There are six cases in Russian. The case is determined by questions.

Nominative - who? or what?
Parent - who? or what?
Dative - to whom? or what?
Accusative - whom? or what?
Creative - by whom? or what?
Prepositional - about whom? or about what?

To determine the case of a noun in a sentence, you need:

1. find the word to which the given noun refers;
2. put a question from this word to the noun.

Declension of nouns

Changing words by case is called declension.
Exists three declensions nouns.

First decline.

The first declension includes feminine nouns with the ending -а (-я) in the nominative singular (country, land), as well as masculine nouns denoting people with the same endings (young man, uncle).

Second decline.

The second declension includes masculine nouns with a zero ending (shore, day), as well as with endings -o, -e (house, house) and neuter with endings -o, -e in the nominative singular (word, building ).

Third declension.

The third declension includes feminine nouns with a zero ending in the nominative singular.

Variable nouns.

Ten neuter nouns in -mya (burden, time, udder, banner, name, flame, tribe, seed, stirrup and crown) and the masculine noun way in the genitive, dative and prepositional cases in the singular have 3rd declension noun endings -i, and in the instrumental case they take the endings of nouns of the 2nd declension -em (-em).

Indeclinable nouns.

Indeclinable are nouns that have the same form for all cases.
Among them there are both common nouns (coffee, radio, cinema, jury) and proper names (Goethe, Zola, Sochi).

Morphological analysis of the noun

I. Part of speech. General value.
II. Morphological features:
1.
2. Permanent signs:
a) own or common noun,
b) animate or inanimate,
c) gender
d) declination.
3. Irregular signs:
a) fall
b) number.
III. syntactic role.

Adjective

The meaning and grammatical features of the adjective

Adjective- a part of speech that denotes a sign of an object and answers the questions what? which? which? whose?

Note.
Under the attribute in grammar, it is customary to understand the properties, belonging, quantities, etc., characterizing objects.

According to the meaning and form, the categories of adjectives are distinguished: qualitative, relative and possessive.
Adjectives, depending on nouns, agree with them, i.e. are put in the same case, number, gender as the nouns to which they refer.
The initial form of adjectives is the nominative case in the singular masculine. Adjectives are in complete and in brief form (only high quality).
In a sentence, adjectives in full form, as a rule, are agreed definitions, sometimes they are the nominal part of the compound predicate.
Short form adjectives are used only as predicates.
Qualitative adjectives have a comparative and a superlative degree.

Quality adjectives

Qualitative adjectives denote such a sign (quality) of an object that can be in this object to a greater or lesser extent.

Qualitative adjectives designate a feature of an object by:

• form(straight, angled)
• size(narrow, low)
• bloom(red, lemon)
• property(durable, tough)
• taste(bitter, salty)
• weight(heavy, weightless)
• smell(odorous, fragrant)
• temperature(warm, cool)
• sound(loud, quiet)
• general assessment(important, harmful)
• and etc.

Most quality adjectives have full and short forms.
Complete the form changes according to cases, numbers and genders.
adjectives in brief form change according to numbers and gender. Short adjectives are not declined; in a sentence are used as predicates.
Some adjectives are used only in a short form: much, glad, must, necessary.
Some qualitative adjectives do not have a corresponding short form: adjectives with suffixes denoting a high degree of attribute, and an adjective that is part of terminological names (fast train, deep rear).

Qualitative adjectives can be combined with an adverb very, have antonyms.
Qualitative adjectives have comparative and superlative degrees of comparison. In form, each degree can be simple(consists of one word) and composite(consists of two words): harder, quietest.

comparative

comparative shows that in one or another object a sign appears to a greater or lesser extent than in another.

Superlatives

Superlatives shows that one or another object is superior to other objects in some way.

Relative adjectives

Relative adjectives denote such a feature of an object that cannot be in the object to a greater or lesser extent.

Relative adjectives do not have a short form, degrees of comparison, do not combine with an adverb very, have no antonyms.

Relative adjectives change by case, number and gender (singular).

Relative adjectives mean:

• material(wooden spoon, clay pot)
• amount(five-year-old daughter, two-story house)
• location(river port, steppe wind)
• time(last year's plan, January frosts)
• appointment(washing machine, passenger train)
• weight, length, measure(meter stick, quarterly plan)
• and etc.

Possessive adjectives indicate the belonging of something to a person and answer the questions of whose? whose? whose? whose?
Possessive adjectives change by case, number and gender.

Morphological analysis of the adjective

I. Part of speech. General value.
II. Morphological features:
1. Initial form (nominative singular masculine).
2. Permanent signs: qualitative, relative or possessive.
3. Irregular signs:
1) for quality:
a) the degree of comparison,
b) short and long form;
2) For all adjectives:
a) fall
b) number
c) genus.
III. syntactic role.

Numeral

The meaning and grammatical features of the numeral.

Numeral- a part of speech that indicates the number of objects, the number, as well as the order of objects when counting.
According to their meaning and grammatical features, numerals are divided into quantitative and ordinal.
quantitative numerals denote quantity or number and answer the question how much?
Ordinal numerals indicate the order of objects in the count and answer the questions what? which? which? which?

Note.

Quantity can also refer to other parts of speech. Numerals can be written in words and numbers, while other parts of speech can only be written in words: three horses - three horses.

The nouns change according to cases.
The initial form of the numeral is the nominative case.
In a sentence, numerals are subject, predicate, definition, adverb of time.
The numeral denoting the quantity, in combination with nouns, is one member of the sentence.

Simple and compound numbers

By the number of words, numerals are simple and compound.
Simple numerals consist of one word, and composite of two or more words.

Cardinal numbers.

Quantitative numerals are divided into three categories: whole numbers, fractional numbers and collective numbers.

Ordinals.

Ordinal numbers are formed, as a rule, from numerals denoting integers, usually without suffixes: five - fifth, six - sixth.

Note.

The ordinal numbers first and second are non-derivative (original words).

Ordinal numbers, like adjectives, change by case, number, and gender.
In compound ordinal numbers, only the last word is declined.

Morphological analysis of the name of the numeral

I. Part of speech. General value.
II. Morphological features:
1. Initial form (nominative case).
2. Permanent signs:
a) simple or compound,
b) quantitative or ordinal,
c) category (for quantitative).
3. Irregular signs:
a) fall
b) number (if any),
c) gender (if any).
III. syntactic role.

Pronoun

Meaning and grammatical features of the pronoun.

Pronoun- a part of speech that indicates objects, signs and quantities, but does not name them.
The initial form of pronouns is the nominative singular.
In a sentence, pronouns are used as a subject, definition, object, less often - circumstances, and a pronoun can also be used as a predicate.

Pronoun ranks by meaning

According to their meaning and grammatical features, pronouns are divided into several categories:

• personal(I you he she)
• returnable(myself)
• interrogative(who, what, what)
• relative(who, which, than, which)
• uncertain(someone, something, some)
• negative(no one, nothing, some)
• possessive(mine, yours, ours)
• index(that, this, such, such, so many)
• defining(all, every, other)

Personal pronouns.

Personal pronouns I and you indicate the participants in the speech.
Pronouns he, she, it, they indicate the subject that is being said, has been said before or will be said. They serve to connect independent sentences in the text.
Pronoun you can refer to one person. Verb - predicate and short form adjectives and participles are used in the plural. If the predicate is expressed by the adjective of the full form, then it is used in the singular.

reflexive pronoun myself.

reflexive pronoun myself indicates the person they are talking about.
Pronoun myself does not have a face, number, gender. It can be applied to any person, singular and plural, to any gender.
reflexive pronoun myself is in the offer an addition, sometimes a circumstance.

Interrogative and relative pronouns.

Words that respond to nouns (who? what?), adjectives (what? whose? what?), numerals (how much?), form a group interrogative pronouns.
The same pronouns without a question, as well as the pronoun which the They are used to link simple sentences into complex sentences. It - relative pronouns.
In sentences containing a question, pronouns what, how much- interrogative. In complex sentences, allied words which, what, how much- relative pronouns.

indefinite pronouns.

Indefinite pronouns indicate indefinite objects, signs, quantity.
Indefinite pronouns are formed by adding prefixes to interrogative and relative pronouns -something(something, someone, etc.) and -not(someone, several, etc.), which is always under stress, as well as suffixes something, something, something(someone, someone, anyone, etc.).
Indefinite pronouns change according to the type of pronoun from which oi are formed.
In a sentence, indefinite pronouns are subject, object, definition.

negative pronouns.

Negative pronouns(no one, not at all, no one, etc.) serve to deny the presence of any object, feature, quantity, or to reinforce the negative meaning of the entire sentence.
They are formed from interrogative (relative) pronouns using an unstressed prefix neither-(no one, no one, no one) and a percussion device not-(no one, nothing).
Negative pronouns change by case, number, and in the singular - by gender.

Note.

Pronouns with a prefix are not most often used in impersonal sentences, in which the predicate is expressed in the indefinite form of the verb.

Negative pronouns in a sentence are subjects, objects, definitions.

Possessive pronouns.

Possessive pronouns mine, yours, ours, yours indicate to which person the object belongs.
Pronoun my indicates that the subject belongs to the speaker. Your indicates that the object belongs to the person with whom we are talking.
Pronoun mine Indicates the belonging of the subject to the speaker, or his interlocutor, or a third person who are subjects in the sentence.
All of these pronouns in sentences are agreed definitions.

Demonstrative pronouns.

Demonstrative pronouns that, this, this, such, such, so much, this serve to distinguish among others any specific object, attribute, quantity.
Sometimes demonstrative pronouns that, such, such, so much serve to form complex sentences. In this case they are demonstrative words in the main clause, in the subordinate clause, as a rule, they correspond to the relative pronouns that are in it allied words.
In a sentence, demonstrative pronouns can be subject, object, attribute, predicate.

Definitive pronouns.

Definitive pronouns- all, everyone, everyone, everyone, himself, the most, any, different, other.
Pronouns each, any, most point to one object from a series of homogeneous ones.
Pronoun any points to any object from many homogeneous ones.
Pronouns all, everyone define an object as something indivisible.
Pronoun myself refers to the person or thing that performs the action.
Pronoun most, in addition to the meaning mentioned above, can indicate the degree of the attribute, serves to form the superlative degree of adjectives.

Morphological analysis of the pronoun

I. Part of speech. General value.
II. Morphological features:
1. Initial form (nominative singular).
2. Permanent signs:
a) rank
b) person (for personal pronouns).
3. Irregular signs:
a) fall
b) number (if any),
c) gender (if any).
III. syntactic role.

Verb

Verb- a part of speech that denotes an action or state of an object and answers the questions what to do? what to do?
Verbs are imperfect and perfect.
Verbs are divided into transitive and intransitive.
Verbs change according to moods.
The verb has an initial form, which is called the indefinite form of the verb (or infinitive). It shows no time, no number, no face, no gender.
Verbs in a sentence are predicates.
The indefinite form of the verb can be included in the compound predicate, it can be the subject, object, definition, circumstance.

The indefinite form of the verb (or infinitive)

Verbs in indefinite form (infinitive) answer the questions what to do? or what to do?
Verbs in indefinite form have form, transitivity and intransitivity, conjugation. Verbs in the indefinite form have endings -ty, -ty, or zero.

Verb types

Verbs imperfect form answer the question what to do?, and the verbs perfect look- what to do?
Imperfective verbs do not indicate the completion of the action, its end or result. Perfective verbs indicate the completion of an action, its end or result.
A verb of one kind can correspond to a verb of another kind with the same lexical meaning.
When forming verbs of one type from verbs of another type, prefixes are used.
The formation of verb types can be accompanied by an alternation of vowels and consonants in the root.

Transitive and intransitive verbs

Verbs that combine or can combine with a noun or pronoun in the accusative case without a preposition are called transitional.
Transitive verbs denote an action that passes to another object.
A noun or pronoun with a transitive verb can be in the genitive case.
Verbs are intransitive, if the action is not directly transition to another subject.
Intransitive verbs are those with the suffix -sya (-sya).

Reflexive verbs

Verbs with suffix -sya (-sya) called returnable.
Some verbs can be reflexive and non-reflexive; others are only reflexive (no suffix -sya they are not used).

verb mood

Verbs in indicative mood denote actions that are happening or will actually happen.
Verbs in the indicative mood change with tenses. In the present and future tenses, the end vowel of the indefinite stem is sometimes omitted.
In the indicative mood, imperfective verbs have three tenses: present, past and future, and perfective verbs have two tenses: past and future simple.
Verbs in conditional mood denote actions that are desirable or possible under certain conditions.
The conditional mood of the verb is formed from the stem of the indefinite form of the verb with the help of a suffix -l- and particles would (b). This particle can stand after the verb and before it, can be separated from the verb by other words.
Verbs in the conditional mood change by number and in the singular by gender.
Verbs in imperative mood express an impulse to action, an order, a request.
Imperative verbs are usually used in the form 2nd person.
Imperative verbs do not change tenses.
Forms imperative mood are formed from the stem of the present or future simple tense with the help of a suffix -and- or null suffix. Imperative verbs in the singular have a zero ending, and in the plural - -those.
Sometimes a particle is added to imperative verbs -ka, which somewhat softens the order.

verb tense

Present tense.

Verbs in the present tense show that the action is happening at the moment of speaking.
Verbs in the present tense can denote actions that are performed constantly, always.
Verbs in the present tense change in person and number.

Past tense.

Verbs in the past tense show that the action took place before the moment of speech.
When describing the past, the present tense is often used instead of the past tense.
Verbs in the past tense form are formed from the indefinite form (infinitive) using the suffix -l-.
Verbs in the indefinite form -who, -ty, -thread(imperfective form) forms of the past tense singular masculine without a suffix -l-.
Past tense verbs change by number, and in the singular by gender. In the plural, past tense verbs do not change by person.

Future time.

Verbs in the future tense show that the action will take place after the moment of speech.
The future tense has two forms: simple and compound. Shape of the future composite imperfective verbs consists of the future tense of the verb to be and the indefinite form of the imperfective verb. The future tense is formed from perfective verbs simple, from imperfective verbs - future tense composite.

Morphological analysis of the verb

I. Part of speech. General value.
II. Morphological features:
1. Initial form (indefinite form).
2. Permanent signs:
a) view
b) conjugation,
c) transition.
3. Irregular signs:
a) inclination
b) number
c) time (if any),
d) number (if any),
e) gender (if any).
III. syntactic role.

Participle

Participle- a special form of the verb that denotes a sign of an object by action and answers the questions what? which? which? which?

Note.

Some scientists consider participles to be an independent part of speech, since they have a number of features that are not characteristic of the verb.

As verb forms, participles have some grammatical features. They are perfect and imperfect; present tense and past; returnable and non-refundable.
The forms of the future tense do not have participles.
There are participles real and passive.

Denoting a sign of an object, participles, like adjectives, grammatically depend on nouns that agree with them, i.e. become in the same case, number and gender as the nouns they refer to.
Participles change by cases, by numbers, by gender. The case, number, gender of participles is determined by the case, number, gender of the noun to which the participle refers. Some participles, like adjectives, have a full and short form. initial participle form- nominative singular masculine. All verb signs of the participle correspond to the initial form of the verb - the indefinite form.
Like an adjective, a full participle in a sentence is a definition.
Participles in short form are used only as a nominal part of a compound predicate.

Active and passive participles

Valid participles designate a sign of the object that itself produces the action. Passive participles denote a sign of the object that is experiencing the action of another object.

Participle formation

When forming participles, the following verb signs are taken into account:

1. Transitivity or intransitivity of the verb(both real and passive participles are formed from transitive verbs; only real participles are formed from intransitive verbs).
2. Verb type(Present participles are not formed from perfective verbs. Real participles of the present and past tense are formed from imperfective verbs, passive past participles are not formed from most imperfective verbs, although these verbs have the corresponding forms of passive present participles).
3. Verb conjugations(both active and passive present participles have different suffixes depending on the conjugation of the verb).
4. Reflexivity or non-recurrence of the verb(passive participles are not formed from reflexive verbs). Real participles formed from reflexive verbs retain the suffix -sya at all times, regardless of which sound (vowel or consonant) is in front of this suffix; the suffix -sya stands at the participle after the end.

When forming participles with present tense suffixes -usch- (-yusch-), -ash- (-box-), -em-, -im- and past tense -vsh-, -sh-, -nn-, -enn-, -t- the endings of the masculine, feminine and neuter singular are added ( -th, -th, -th, -her) or plural endings ( -th, -th).
From a number of verbs are formed Not all types of sacraments.

Note.
Most transitive imperfective verbs do not have a passive past participle form.

Morphological analysis of the sacrament

I. Part of speech (special form of the verb); from which verb the general meaning is formed.

II. Morphological features:
1. The initial form is the nominative singular masculine.
2. Permanent signs:
a) real or passive;
b) time;
c) view.
3. Irregular signs:
a) full and short form (for passive participles);
b) case (for participles in full form);
c) number;
d) kind.

III. syntactic role.

gerund

gerund- a special form of the verb, which denotes an additional action with the main action expressed by the verb, and answers the questions what are you doing? having done what?

As a form of the verb, the participle has some of its grammatical features. gerunds are either perfect or imperfect. They retain the form of the verb from which they are formed.
The gerund retains the verb sign - transitivity.

Note.

A gerund, like a verb, can be returnable and irrevocable.

The participle, like the verb, can be determined by the adverb.
In a sentence, the participle is a circumstance.

Note.

Some scientists consider gerunds to be an independent part of speech, since they do not have many of the grammatical features characteristic of the verb.

Imperfect participles

Imperfect participles denote pending additional action, which occurs simultaneously with the action expressed by the verb - predicate.
Imperfect gerunds are formed from the stem present tense of the verb with a suffix -and I).
After the hissing suffix is ​​used -a, and in other cases - -I.
From the verb to be, the imperfect participle is formed using the suffix - teach.

Notes.

1. From imperfective verbs with a suffix -va- in an indefinite form (give, recognize, get up, etc.), the gerund participle is formed from the basis of an indefinite form: give out (give out) - giving out.
2. Imperfect participles are not formed from some verbs:
   • from verbs whose roots consist of only consonants:
     beat - beat, tear - tear, sew - sew, burn - tourniquet, etc.
     Exception:
     rush - rush - rush;
   • from verbs with a present tense stem to g, k, x: cherish - cherish, able - can, etc .;
   • from most verbs with the stem of the present tense to hissing: write - write, whip - whip, etc .;
   • from verbs with suffix -well-: fade - fade, get wet - get wet, pull - pull, go out - go out, etc.

Perfect participles

Perfective gerunds denote completed extra action, which is usually completed before the action begins. expressed by the verb predicate.

Perfective gerunds are formed from the stem of the indefinite form or the past tense (which, as a rule, coincide) with the help of suffixes -in, -lice, -shi. From reflexive verbs, perfect participles are formed with the suffix -lice (s), -shi (s). The participles with a consonant stem are formed with the suffix -shi.

Notes.

1. From some verbs, the formation of double forms is possible: from the stem of the indefinite form and from the stem of the past tense (when they do not match).
2. To suffix -to reflexive suffix -sya does not join.
   In some verbs, the perfective participles are formed with the help of the suffix -and I) from the basis of the future tense.

Notes.

1. From some verbs, forms with suffixes have been preserved -in, -lice, -shi(having returned, having tuned in, having come, having brought, having brought, having said goodbye, having acquired, having seen, having seen, having heard, having heard). if there are double forms, gerunds with a suffix are more often used -and I) as less cumbersome.
2. Sometimes gerunds with suffixes -in, -lice imperfective verbs are formed, but they are rarely used (former, ate, not having).

Morphological analysis of the participle

I. Part of speech (a special form of the verb). General value.
II. Morphological features:
1. Initial form (indefinite form of the verb)
2. View.
3. Immutability.
III. syntactic role.

Adverb

Adverb- a part of speech that denotes a sign of an action, a sign of an object and another sign.
Adverbs can refer to the verb, to its special forms - participle and gerund, as well as to the noun, adjective and other adverbs.
The adverb means sign of action, if attached to a verb and a participle.
The adverb means object sign, if attached to a noun.
The adverb means sign of another sign, if attached to an adjective, participle and other adverb.
The adverb does not change, i.e. does not bend or hide.
In a sentence, adverbs are most often circumstances.

Note.

Some adverbs can be predicates.

Adverbs are divided into the following groups according to their meaning:

• Adverbs of manner- how? how? - quickly, well, to smithereens
• Adverbs of time- when? since when? How long? how long? - today, now, in winter
• Adverbs of place- where? where? where? - away, upstairs, home
• Adverbs of reason- why - rashly, blindly, reluctantly
• Adverbs of purpose- why? - on purpose, on purpose
• Adverbs of measure and degree- How many? In what time? how much? in what degree? to what extent? - very, completely, extremely

A special group is made up of adverbs that do not name signs of action, but only point to them. They, in addition to the main purpose, are used to link sentences in the text.

• demonstrative adverbs(here, there, here, there, from there, then)
• Indefinite adverbs(somewhere, somewhere, somewhere)
• Interrogative adverbs(how, why, where)
• Negative adverbs(nowhere, never, nowhere, nowhere)

Degrees of comparison of adverbs

Adverbs for -o (-e), formed from qualitative adjectives, have two degrees of comparison: comparative and superlative.
The comparative degree of adverbs has two forms - simple and compound. simple form comparative degree formed with suffixes -her(s), -e, -she from the original form of adverbs, from which the final ones are discarded -o (-e), -ko. The compound form of the comparative degree of adverbs is formed by combining adverbs and words more and less.
The superlative degree of adverbs, as a rule, has a compound form, which is a combination of two words - the comparative degree of an adverb and a pronoun all (total).

Morphological analysis of the adverb

I. Part of speech. General value.
II. Morphological features:
1. The unchangeable word.
2. Degree of comparison (if any).
III. syntactic role.

Service parts of speech.

Pretext

Pretext- the service part of speech, which expresses the dependence of the noun, numeral and pronoun on other words in the phrase, and therefore in the sentence.
Prepositions do not change and are not part of the sentence.
Prepositions express different relationships:

1. spatial;
2. temporary;
3. causal.

Non-derivative and derived prepositions

Suggestions are divided into non-derivatives and derivatives.
Non-derivative prepositions: without, in, before, for, for, from, to, on, over, about, about, from, by, under, before, with, about, with, at, through.
Derived prepositions formed from independent parts of speech by losing their meaning and morphological features.

It is necessary to distinguish derivative prepositions from independent parts of speech homonymous to them.

1. Prepositions:
   • against at home, ahead detachment, near rivers, inside tents, around garden, along road, near coast, according to instructions;
   • around axes, due to bad weather, about work, due to rain, during days, in continuation nights, say Finally, by virtue of circumstances;
   • thanks to rain, in spite of disease.
2. Independent parts of speech:
   • Adverb:
     live against, go ahead, stand near, wash inside, inspected around, stick along, did not have near, live according to, looked back around, have in mind
   • Noun:
     put to the account jar, because of in this case, during rivers, in continuation novel, in custody on the book, believe by virtue of.
   • gerund:
     thanks to mistress, despite on both sides.

Derivative prepositions are usually used with one case. Many non-derivative prepositions can be used with different cases.

Note.
Prepositions consisting of one word are called simple (in, on, to, from, before, from, in spite of, after and etc.). Prepositions consisting of two or more words are called constituent (in spite of, in conclusion and etc.).

Morphological analysis of the preposition

I. Part of speech. General value.
II. Morphological trait:
immutability
III. syntactic role.

Union

Union- a service part of speech that connects homogeneous members in a simple sentence and simple sentences in a complex sentence.
Unions are divided into coordinating and subordinating.

writing unions connect homogeneous members and equal simple sentences as part of a complex (compound).

Subordinating unions connect simple sentences in a complex (complex-subordinate) sentence, of which one is subordinate in meaning to the other, i.e. from one sentence to the next one can pose a question.
Unions consisting of one word are called simple: a, and, but, or, either, how, what, when, barely, as if etc., and conjunctions consisting of several words, composite: due to the fact that, due to the fact that, while, due to the fact that, despite the fact that and etc.

Coordinating conjunctions

Coordinating conjunctions are divided into three groups:

1. Connecting: and; yes (meaning and); not only but; like... so;
2. opposing: a; but; yes (meaning but); though; but;
3. Dividing: or; or or; or; then ... then; not that... not that.

Parts of some unions ( like ... so and, not only ... but also, not that ... not that etc.) are found with different homogeneous members or in different parts of a complex sentence.

Subordinating conjunctions

Subordinating conjunctions are divided into the following groups:

1. Causal: because; because of; because; due to the fact that; thanks to; due to the fact that; due to the fact that and others;
2. Target: to (to); to; so that etc.;
3. Temporary: when; only; just; bye; barely, etc.;
4. Conditional: if; if; once; whether; how soon, etc.;
5. Comparative: how; as if; like; as if; exactly, etc.;
6. Explanatory: what; to; like others;
7. concessions: although; although; no matter how, etc.

Morphological analysis of the union

I. Part of speech. General value.
II. Morphological features:
1) Composing or subordinating;
2) The unchangeable word.
III. syntactic role.

Particle

Particle- a service part of speech that introduces various shades of meaning into a sentence or serves to form word forms.
Particles do not change and are not members of the sentence.
According to the meaning and role in the sentence, the particles are divided into three categories: formative, negative and modal.

Shaping particles

Form-building particles include particles that serve to form the conditional and imperative mood of the verb.
Particle would (b) can stand before the verb to which it refers, after the verb, can be separated from the verb by other words.

negative particles

The negative particles are not and neither.
Particle not can give sentences or individual words not only a negative, but also a positive meaning with a double negation.

The value of the particle is not

1. Negative meaning.
   • of the whole offer: Not hurry up with the answer. Not to be this.
   • a single word: Before us was not small, but a large meadow.
2. Positive value.
   • Comrade not could not help me.

negative particle neither can have other meanings than negative.

The meaning of the particle is neither

1. Negative meaning in a sentence without a subject.
   Neither from place! Around neither souls.
2. Strengthening the negation in sentences with a particle neither and with the word No.
   around no neither souls. Can not see neither bush.
3. Generalizing meaning in sentences with negative pronouns and adverbs.
   What neither (= everything) would do, everything worked out for him. Where neither (= everywhere) look, fields and fields are everywhere.

modal particles

Modal particles include particles that bring various semantic shades to the sentence, and also express the feelings and attitudes of the speaker.

Particles that add semantic shades to the sentence are divided into groups according to their meaning:

1. Question: whether, really, really
2. indication: here (and here), out (and out)
3. Clarification: exactly, exactly
4. Highlight, limit: only, exclusively, exclusively, almost

Particles expressing the feelings and attitude of the speaker are also divided into groups according to their meaning:

1. Exclamation: what, how
2. Doubt: hardly, hardly
3. Gain: even, even and, neither, and, yet, after all, really, everything, after all
4. Mitigation, requirement: -ka

Morphological parsing of a particle

I. Part of speech. General value.
II. Morphological features:
1) Discharge;
2) The unchangeable word.
III. syntactic role.

Interjection

Interjection- a special part of speech that expresses, but does not name, various feelings and impulses.
Interjections are not included in either independent or auxiliary parts of speech.
Interjections do not change and are not part of the sentence. But sometimes interjections are used in the meaning of other parts of speech. In this case, the interjection takes on a specific lexical meaning and becomes a member of the sentence.

Useful information?

NOUN

Noun - this is an independent part of speech, which combines words denoting objects and animate beings (the meaning of objectivity) and answering the questions who? what? This meaning is expressed using the independent categories of gender, number, case, animateness and inanimateness. In a sentence, nouns mainly act as the subject and object, but they can also be other members of the sentence.

Discharges of nouns: common, specific, collective.

Depending on the lexical and grammatical features, nouns are divided into:

common nouns (names of homogeneous objects, actions or states): house, bed

own (names of single objects selected from a number of homogeneous ones - names, surnames, geographical names, etc.): Vanya Petrov, Pluto, Moscow;

concrete (they name specific objects and phenomena from reality): a boy, a station and abstract (abstract) (they call an object or sign abstractly from the agent or carrier of the sign): hatred, love, care;

collective (denoting a set of identical or similar individual items as one whole): students, sheet.

Lexico-grammatical categories of nouns:

Animation-inanimate category: animate nouns denote living beings (humans and animals), and inanimate nouns - an object in the proper sense of the word, in contrast to living beings. This category is manifested in the declension of nouns, namely in the accusative case of the plural: the form of the accusative case of the plural of animate nouns coincides with the form of the genitive case, and of inanimate nouns with the form of the nominative case. For masculine nouns (except for -a, -я), the same thing happens in the singular.

Gender Category: All nouns (not counting those that are always used in the plural: scissors, gates, etc.) belong to one of three genders: masculine, feminine, or neuter.

Category of number: in Russian there is a singular form (denotes one parent in a series of homogeneous objects): chair, sock, boy, and a plural form (denotes an indefinite set of homogeneous objects): chairs, socks, boys.

The singular and plural differ in different endings, different compatibility with other parts of speech.

There are nouns that have only the singular form: some abstract nouns (love, care), collective nouns (leaves, students), proper names (Moscow, Siberia), some nouns denoting substance (milk, gold).

There are nouns that, on the contrary, have only a plural form: some abstract nouns (holidays, twilight), some nouns denoting a substance (soup, cream), the names of some games (chess, hide and seek), some concrete nouns that consist of several components (scissors, trousers);

Case category: this category is based on the opposition of case forms and denotes the relationship of the object denoted by the noun to other objects, actions or features. There are six cases in Russian: nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, instrumental, prepositional.

Declension of nouns is a change of nouns by cases.

In the Russian language there are nouns with different declensions: these are 10 neuter nouns in -mya (flame, burden, time, udder, banner, seed, stirrup, shemya, tribe, name) - they decline with an increase in the suffix -en- in the singular in all cases , except for the instrumental, according to the 3rd declension, and in the instrumental case of the singular - according to the 2nd declension, in the plural they decline according to the 2nd declension; words mother, daughter (inclined according to the 3rd declension with an increase -er-), path (inclined in all cases according to the 3rd declension and only in the instrumental - according to the 2nd), child (this word is not used in oblique cases now singular).

There are also indeclinable nouns (that is, they do not change for cases and numbers). Basically, they include words of foreign origin, which denote both inanimate objects (cafes, radios), and masculine and feminine persons (attache, lady); they can also denote animals (kangaroos, chimpanzees), names and surnames, geographical names (Baku, Helsinki), etc.

Syntactic functions of nouns

In a sentence, a noun can be; any member:

subject: Mom goes to the store,

addition: I asked him to give me a book.

definition: Mom bought me a notebook with checkered paper.

Addendum: The Volga River is very beautiful.

circumstance: He got his way despite the difficulties.

predicate: My father is an engineer.