An architectural design is a preparatory construction plan that must be strictly adhered to in order to achieve the desired result. Both the reliability of the structure and the labor costs for construction depend on how competently it is drawn up, therefore, only professionals should trust the creation of the project.
The architectural workshop of Ivan Yuryma has vast experience in creating projects. But before ordering a plan, you might want to know what it is.
Stages of creating an architectural project
It is very difficult to draft structures, so the entire design process is divided into four stages:
- 1. Preparatory stage - first, all the information necessary for construction is collected and analyzed, including regulatory documentation and literature. At the same time, a preliminary work plan is outlined in order to calculate the approximate financial costs.
- 2. The draft stage is the creation of several sketches at once, reflecting the design and style of the future building, from which the customer then chooses the most suitable one. This takes into account the dimensions of the future structure and the relief of the site, as well as the requirements for architecture, aesthetics and functionality of the structure.
- 3. Development of documentation is the stage of paperwork, which begins after agreement with the customer on the features of the preliminary design and its approval.
- 4. Development of the future interior is the final stage of design, which includes the solution of issues on the design and style of the future building.
It is worth considering that according to the documentation compiled by the company at the third stage of design, one can judge its professionalism.
Project documentation
A well-designed project consists of:
- 1. Architectural documentation, which indicates how the building will be located and look. This, in fact, is an image of the future structure on which further calculations are made.
- 2. Design documentation, including plans for the constituent parts of the building (foundation, floors, roofs, etc.), its appearance in section. It is also noted how much materials will be needed for construction.
- 3. Engineering and technological documentation, which displays all communications of the building, as well as the features of their connection.
- 4. Estimate documentation, reflecting the entire material part of the construction (the cost of materials and work).
As you can see, an architectural project is a complex, but very important stage of construction.
Why do we need an architectural project, the video tells:
The American architectural style is a descendant of the old European one. Emigrants from Europe, and primarily from England, brought the architectural trends of their countries to North America, where they introduced and developed them. A feature of this style is, of course, the desire of the first settlers to demonstrate the scale and wealth of the house. Hence the feeling of the house as a whole architectural complex.
American architecture is distinguished by spaciousness, symmetry, numerous cascades of roofs, columns, many large windows, often with shutters, sometimes spiers, a high central staircase, horizontal extension, a minimum of relief details, light plaster as decoration. With all their appearance, these projects of houses and cottages demonstrate the successful life of the owners in the new uninhabited lands.
English style
The English style is a combination of aristocracy and restraint, refined taste and expensive materials. This architectural style in our country is more often defined by the general term "English style", but in reality it is two interrelated styles - Georgian and Regency style, which were named by historical eras. In the modern sense, the English house is a mixture of these styles.
They were formed under the influence of mainland Europe, but they were rethought here in their own way. Features of the English style: rectangular, symmetrical plan; uniform distribution and dimension of all windows; brick, poorly decorated walls; low-lying entrance with a portico; medium height roof slopes; minimum removal of the roof over the walls; five windows on the main facade; steam pipes; pilasters on the sides of the door; paneled doors.
The house in true English style is built entirely of red brick. The facade of an English house is quite strict and only in rare cases small decorations are allowed. A mandatory attribute is the presence of a lawn and flower beds.
F.L. style Wright (prairie style)
Born June 8, 1867, Frank Lloyd Wright is the world's greatest architect, the most prolific, controversial and inspiring.
Wright disliked the intricate detail and fussiness of existing architectural styles. He advocated cleanliness and simplicity of lines, and believed that well-constructed buildings complemented the surroundings.
The prairie style spread throughout the US Midwest in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The prairie style is characterized by pronounced and emphasized horizontal lines, flat or hipped roofs with wide overhangs, windows combined into horizontal stripes, and maximum integration of the building into the landscape. The name of the style comes from the long horizontal lines, evoking prairie landscapes.
This style is also characterized by minimalist decoration of facades, the central location of the fireplace room as a symbol of the family hearth. The complication of the geometry of the house is achieved with the help of glazed galleries, balconies, parapets and flower beds. The boundary between the interior and the terrace is lost. The common areas look like halls.
Gothic style
Gothic is a period in the development of medieval art, covering almost all areas of material culture and developing in Western, Central and partly Eastern Europe from the 12th to the 15th centuries. The Gothic style mainly manifested itself in the architecture of temples, cathedrals, churches, monasteries. It developed on the basis of Romanesque, more precisely, Burgundian architecture. Gothic is characterized by arches with pointed tops, narrow and high towers and columns, a richly decorated façade with carved details (wimpers, tympanums, archivolts) and multicolored stained-glass lancet windows. All style elements emphasize the vertical. The Neo-Gothic architectural style is characterized by adapted Gothic elements: lancet arches, high elongated pediments, light-framed towers, internal columns, tall narrow windows with traditional sashes.
European style
One of the most popular architectural styles today is European. Based on the architectural traditions of the past, conservative, it harmonizes well with nature.
European-style houses are distinguished by regular geometric shapes, often complicated by bay windows. When designing, as a rule, the shape of a square or close to a square is used.
The plinth is usually finished with stone or tile. The roof is made of two or four slopes. Traditionally, red natural tiles were used as roofing, which today is being replaced by metal ones. The door is decorated in a color that contrasts with the color of the walls. Windows are usually small, rectangular or arched. When planning the interior space, great attention is paid to its efficiency, thanks to which it is possible to place everything you need in a relatively small area.
Italian style
The Italian style in architecture has been formed over the centuries, which largely determines its truly unique character.
The Italian style is sometimes referred to as Neo-Renaissance. It originated in England at the beginning of the 19th century. The English architect John Nash is considered to be the founder. The Italian style combined the architectural finds of Italian architects of the 16th century with elements of Palladian and neoclassicism.
Italian style in architecture is the choice of people who value quality, tradition and natural beauty. This direction in design and architecture is characterized by the use of natural materials, traditions, comfort and simplicity. Italian-style wood and stone are combined with wrought iron elements. The walls are most often covered with decorative plaster and decorated with stucco decoration or mosaics.
The Italian-style house is characterized by almost flat roofs with low slopes, barely visible from the ground, brackets supporting the roof eaves, a tower or bell tower, a belvedere.
Classic style
In architecture, classicism is understood as an architectural style common in Europe in the 18th - early 19th centuries, the main feature of which was an appeal to the forms of ancient architecture. The architecture of classicism is characterized by a regular layout and clarity of form, a symmetrical axial composition, and restraint of decor.
Cottages in the classical style are characterized by strict observance of the principles of proportionality and harmony. Spatial solutions are concise, focused on the predominance of rectilinear and clear outlines in plans with the dominance of symmetrical-axial planning systems.
The decoration uses facade plaster, pitched tiled roofs, marble and gypsum - for columns and balustrades, iron and cast iron - for gratings, balconies and fences.
Despite the advantages of trendy architectural styles, classical motifs are still popular. After all, adherence to the classics is a sign of the solidity and fine taste of the owner of the house.
Minimalism
Minimalism appears in the 60s of the XX century in the USA. The main idea of minimalism in architecture is the desire to leave only the most necessary, each element should perform the maximum number of functions. Characteristic features of minimalism: maximum possible conciseness, adherence to composition, use of natural materials, maximum functionality and attention to detail, strict lines and geometry, unified color scheme, attention to lighting design, use of light colors.
Much attention is paid to the choice of materials and their quality. Priority is given to natural materials such as stone, wood, glass or marble.
Minimalism is widely used both in public buildings, offices, shopping centers, and in private homes.
Minimalism is ideal for lovers of simplicity, tranquility and rigor. Minimalist spaces radiate calmness and silence. This is a "purified" style, but in turn elegant and innovative in form and finish.
Modern
Modern was born at the turn of the 20th century. in European architecture as a movement to create the style of its era. Art Nouveau is characterized by the rejection of obligatory symmetrical forms, silhouettes and ornaments, stylizing the forms of plants in smooth, curving lines. The facades are distinguished by rounded contours of the openings, the use of wrought iron gratings and glazed ceramics. Particular attention is paid to the design of window openings with an ornate pattern of bindings and stained-glass windows.
The emergence of the principle of constructing buildings "from the inside out" and in connection with this, the openness of the compositions and the variety of forms. The interior forms the core of the house and defines its appearance. In terms of the building, most often they tend to be square, the rooms are grouped around the hall.
The Art Nouveau style develops mainly in the architecture of urban mansions and expensive apartment buildings, country villas and summer cottages. Modern promotes individuality. Like a century ago, a house in this style provides comfort, coziness and bright, memorable architecture.
german style
A style based on practicality, economy and rationality. This is manifested in everything - in the layout, design, choice of materials and design features. The shape of the houses tends to be square.
The windows in traditional German houses are small, rectangular or arched, divided by a sash. Windows often have shutters. Frames are usually massive. Doors are made of wood and painted in a color that contrasts with the color of the wall of the house. The plinth is finished with facing tiles “under natural stone”. There are almost always bay windows or balconies. A bay window is often the highlight of a home. The roof is often gable, but it can also be four-slope. Roofing - bituminous or metal tiles, shades of red. The planning features are reduced to making the house as economical and rational as possible. German-style houses most often have one or two floors plus an attic. In order to save space, the layout is arranged in such a way that the house has a minimum of corridors.
norwegian style
The Norwegian house is a variant of the Scandinavian style house. The Norwegian house is a continuation of the historic Viking longhouse style. Norwegian houses are elongated sloping houses, most often on one floor, red, brown or black with natural roofing material. Business card of the Norwegian house - inverted green roof
The earliest real log houses in Norway and Sweden date back to the 11th century. AD, while in Rus' log cabins were already known from the 8th-9th centuries. AD Probably the technology was brought by Varangian mercenaries returning from service in Rus'. Later, the Russian log house was used in Norway only for non-residential buildings, such as wells, robes, bridge bulls, pasture haylofts. And already in the XI century. In Norway, a fundamentally different method of felling with a self-locking lock is known, which does not allow cracks to open when the tree dries out. The Norwegian logging technique in its modern form appeared already in the 13th century.
Provence
Provence is one of the historical regions in the south of France. The peculiarities of a Provence-style house are refinement and a kind of romantic tenderness of the exterior of the house. A special place belongs to the details. Such a house has practically no basement, and such a house naturally does not have a porch that is familiar to us. The garden path just rests on the front door. The walls of the house must be made of brick or stone. Most often, the walls are covered with plaster of light colors. In some places, the plaster can expose the brick wall, and this gives the house a peculiar zest. Balconies with balustrades can be located on the second floor. The windows on the first floor are narrow and must have blinds. The windows on the second and third floors are bigger. The roof is multi-pitched, high, under the tiles. The roof is decorated with numerous towers with dormer windows. For a Provence-style house, doors are an important detail. They should be massive with forged hinges and have a viewing window.
Traditionally, various extensions are attached to the house: a summer kitchen, a summer outbuilding or a garage.
Rococo
Rococo - from fr. rococo, from fr. rocaille - decorative shell, shell, rocaille). The architectural (decorative) style of Rococo appeared in France (1715-1723) and reached its apogee under Louis XV, moved to other European countries and dominated it until the 1780s. The Rococo style was a continuation of the Baroque style. He did not introduce any new structural elements into the architecture.
Rococo architecture tends to be light, welcoming, playful. In the creations of this architecture, straight lines and flat surfaces almost disappear; established orders are modified; columns lengthen, then shorten and twist in a helical shape; their capitals are distorted by coquettish changes, the cornices are placed above the cornices; the roofs are girdled along the edge with balustrades; pediments represent breaking convex and sunken lines, crowned with vases, sculptural figures. In the frame of windows, doors, walls inside the building, in plafonds, intricate stucco ornamentation is used, consisting of curls resembling plant leaves, flower garlands and shells.
Russian estate
The first estates appeared in the distant past. Moscow was once just a manor too. Carved facades, classical forms, small turrets, patterned windows - wooden Russian estates amaze with their beauty.
Skillful artistic woodcarving was a characteristic and original decoration of Russian wooden buildings - and this is one of the few traditions that have survived among the people to this day. The carving is embossed and through. Be sure to decorate the top of the roof - the "ridge", it was often made in the form of a horse's head, a porch canopy, shutters and window trim. The decoration of the roof was dominated by the animal pagan style, coming from the Scythian nomads. They depicted symbolic amulets, including horses, birds, roosters, and snakes.
The concept of a family nest in a Russian estate acquires great value. Russian style emphasizes the status of the owner of the house, who is proud of his history and origin. A Russian estate is a place of residence, as well as an opportunity to preserve and pass on to descendants one's history, surname and traditions.
northern modern
In Russian modernist architecture, the direction - the northern modernist style - stood out especially. The style received its main development in St. Petersburg at the beginning of the 20th century under the influence of Swedish architecture, as well as the Finnish architectural school of national romanticism. This was facilitated by economic and cultural ties with the Finnish and Swedish states, where national romanticism was the main trend in art.
Characteristic features of the northern Art Nouveau are a combination of artificial and natural finishing materials, facing the basement of the building with Finnish granite, covering the upper floors with finishing bricks or textured plaster. The form of buildings built in the northern modern style is massive and free from small decor. Rustovka, ornaments and bas-reliefs on the themes of Russian folklore were widely used. The architectural decor is massive, the color is minimalistic, the color scheme is severe in the northern way.
Scandinavian style
The countries of the Scandinavian Peninsula - Sweden, Norway and historically and geographically connected with them Denmark and Finland had similar conditions for the development of architecture.
The Scandinavian house is simple, but by no means primitive, compact, but not cheap. It was created to protect its inhabitants from unpleasant climatic influences and provide them with maximum comfort.
Scandinavian-style houses are one- and two-story buildings, concise and discreet. Traditionally, houses were made of wood, which was tinted or varnished. The windows in Scandinavian-style houses are quite large, sometimes they are panoramic. The emphasis is on wooden massive frames. The basement and basement in the houses of the Scandinavian style are absent. The roof is covered with tiles, metal - painted or "natural" or various polymeric materials. It can be both pitched and even, but pitched is more common. In front of the front door, a porch with a wooden staircase and carved railings, or a terrace is usually constructed.
Modern style
A house in a modern style implies openness to nature, large spaces, panoramic windows. In a modern style, they often combine rooms - for example, a living room with a fireplace room, a kitchen with a dining room.
The credo of modern architecture is embedded in the name itself - this is what would correspond to today, a fundamental orientation towards the novelty of architecture, both constructive and planning ideas, and external forms.
The main principles of modern architecture: the use of the latest building materials and structures, a rational approach to solving interior spaces (functional approach), the absence of decoration trends, the fundamental rejection of historical elements in the appearance of buildings. In the decoration of facades can be used: facade plaster, facing brick, wood, stone, porcelain stoneware. As a rule, the owners of houses in a modern style are active, dynamic people who travel a lot and are familiar with different cultures firsthand.
Mediterranean (Mediterranean) style
The Mediterranean is Greece, Spain, Italy, France, Turkey, Egypt, Morocco and other countries that have contributed to the formation of an architectural style called the Mediterranean. In this style, there are miniature houses with tiled roofs, immersed in lush vegetation, and luxurious snow-white villas on the coast.
Such buildings are characterized by plastered walls, flat or low tiled roofs, the use of terracotta tiles and stone in the decoration. The walls can be decorated with ornaments. Balconies and windows are trimmed with wrought iron railings. The roof extension is quite large and decorated with a cornice. The buildings necessarily have large balconies or spacious covered terraces.
A characteristic feature of the Mediterranean house is the presence of a courtyard, a secluded patio, hidden from prying eyes. Such a technique can be very relevant for Russians who are forced to put country houses almost close to each other. Functional and practical comfort is created by improvised means, not without ingenuity, commitment to tradition and love of creativity.
Medieval
Castle architecture was born from the Romanesque style that dominated Europe from around 1000 AD. and before the emergence of Gothic art in the thirteenth century. The earliest structures were copied from Roman military camps. The construction of gigantic stone structures began with the Normans, and classical castles appeared in the 12th century.
The castle type of a country house is characterized by large forms, massive and high walls, the presence of balconies, bay windows, terraces and towers, an intricate composition in plan and facade. Facing bricks, stone, plaster can be used to finish the facade of the house. There are no architectural excesses in houses of this style; noble simplicity creates a feeling of monumentality and stability. The windows are arched, or rectangular, but with an interesting ending. Doors can be of any shape, they have many decorative elements - a visor, framing made of forging or stucco, stained glass, mosaics. Facades are often asymmetrical. The shape of the roof in such cottages is always complex, since the house often consists of several parts.
Fachwerk
Fachwerk - from the German Fachwerk, Fach - panel, section, Werk - structure. This is one of the oldest building structures, widespread in Europe during the Middle Ages. Such houses were built in different countries, but most of them in Germany - about 2.5 million.
Fachwerk houses were built everywhere in Germany already in the 12th century. The heyday of the half-timbered style came in the 16th century. Half-timbered buildings were influenced by fashionable architectural trends: Gothic, Baroque, Renaissance.
Half-timbered houses have a rigid wooden frame made of posts, beams and braces. The space between the wooden beams, called panels, was filled with a mixture of clay and reeds. Then the panels were plastered and painted in light colors, while the frame of dark beams remained in sight. It was he who divided the facade into separate cells of various shapes and gave the house that unique originality, which became the main architectural feature of the half-timbered style. The wooden beams of the construction of half-timbered houses have many different motifs: crosses, figures, flowers, geometric patterns.
High tech
Hi-tech comes from English hi-tech, from high technology - high technology. This is the architectural and design style of the late XX - early XXI century. Style promotes the aesthetics of the material. The main features of high-tech are the most functional use of space and discreet decor. The style is characterized by swift, straight lines, protruding structural elements, silver-metal color, wide use of glass, plastic and metal. Hi-tech refers to ultra-modern styles; it uses designs typical of industrial buildings. Used materials - glass, metal, natural wood.
The style arose from the architecture of industrial premises, where all elements of the furnishings are subject to a functional purpose. At first, it was more of an approach to architecture than a particular style. Elements of industrial aesthetics moved into the living space, where they were further developed: a mixture of high technology and constructivism came out.
High-tech style is very popular now among people who live in the spirit of the times and are young at heart.
Chalet
The chalet style originated in Savoy, in a province in the southeast of France. It absorbed the rich history of the Alpine mountains and local traditions. Translated from French "chalet" - a shawl; warm; and, in fact, a Swiss house in the mountains. Initially, an alpine chalet is a dwelling built securely from massive timber, protecting shepherds from bad weather in the mountains.
The chalet is a safe and practical accommodation. A chalet is a house with a sloping roof, the slopes of which protrude strongly above the main walls. This design of the roof served as protection for the house and the local area from snow and bad weather. Spacious terraces also appeared for practical reasons. With their help, the useful area of \u200b\u200bthe house is significantly increased. An open terrace is an integral part of the chalet, which may not have a fence and be considered as part of the local area.
Chalet-style houses are usually chosen by people who strive not only to create a cozy home, but also care about the environmental friendliness of their home. The feeling of unity with nature arises in everyone who gets into the chalet.
swedish style
The Swedish style is a variation of the Scandinavian approach to architecture. Red and white cottages fit perfectly into both the winter and summer Swedish landscape and are a landmark of this country. The traditional Swedish cottage is a simple, wood-paneled, red-painted cottage with white corners, windows, and doors. Swedish dwellings at all times were mostly wooden (or half-timbered in forest-poor areas). The manor complex includes a residential building and outbuildings united around the courtyard. Swedish architecture is characterized by strict simplicity and sparse decor.
Functionality and simplicity, commitment to natural materials, discreet color combinations are typical of the Swedish style as well as Scandinavian architecture in general. Wooden houses made of light woods with wide window openings look like a natural addition to the landscapes of Sweden and beyond.
dutch style
The Dutch country house style is a variation on colonial design that offers a simple layout behind the main façade. In the external appearance of such buildings, an original style was formed, which is both practical and decorative. The house in the Dutch style is characterized by a large sharp gable roof with hips, simple windows, and the asymmetry of the facade. Traditionally, the basement of the house is finished with stone, and the facades are made in light-colored plaster. The house has a symmetrical layout. The main entrance leads to the hallway around which the rooms are located. The way of life of diligent, tidy, hardworking Dutch is reflected in the interior of the Dutch house, demonstrating well-being, modesty and convenience. Dutch country houses look solid, but at the same time cozy. Suitable for families looking for peace and comfort behind a modest facade.
Roman style
The Romanesque style in medieval Europe preceded the Gothic. The term itself appeared in the XII century, when historians found that European architects widely used many elements of the ancient Roman style. The main objects of the architects were monasteries and castles, more reminiscent of fortresses. The appearance of the buildings is full of calm and solemn power. Characteristic features of Romanesque buildings were massive walls, the heaviness and thickness of which were emphasized by narrow window openings and stepped friezes. The main features of the style are circular or semi-circular arches, stone vaults. Facing of the facade is made of bricks, abundance of brick decoration of pediments, friezes, windows and doors. Ceramic tiles are used as roofing. Romanesque buildings fit into the landscape, their compact forms and clear silhouettes repeat the natural relief.
Czech style
The Czech Republic is one of the most cultural and beautiful countries not only in Europe but also in the world. The cultural heritage of the Czech Republic is so extensive that it can sometimes be very difficult to simply describe the places where you have been, the Czech architecture still makes the biggest contribution to the cultural heritage. The architecture of this country has been created for centuries. The Czech style of cottages has common features with European and German styles. The Czech-style house is characterized by regular geometric shapes, high multi-pitched roofs covered with tiles, sometimes with straw, the plinth is made of natural stone, and arched windows and doors are often used. A squat house in the Czech style will fit perfectly into the landscape and will not stand out in the landscape.
Many of the projects presented by us are assembled by their skillful hands.
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Drawing products are produced by us in compliance with the rules and regulations. It refers to the architectural part. Engineering sections, if calculation is required, must be performed by specialists in these areas. To ensure a quality result and to avoid errors, work on the site should begin after the transfer to the construction team of the agreed album of working drawings. A very important and necessary stage of cooperation with the architect takes place already during construction. This architectural or architectural supervision. On it, if we want to remove or add something, we can correctly make valid changes. COMMON ERRORS! As an example of problems that arise due to non-compliance with the sequence of works, one can cite the following: first the foundation is cast, and only then the architect is invited. Do not forget - the foundation is no less important part of the house than the walls and roof, it is better to plan it together in relation to the entire volume. In the case of the interior or construction of a house, it is certainly possible to invite an architect already in the process of construction, but it will not be as cost-effective as if it is done on time. In this case, the probability of errors increases, the object may become ill-conceived. It would be more correct to form the concept of future construction in advance and develop drawings. Builders can wait, you should not respond to a provocation: "we will start, while you compose ..". |
[...] As specialists, we would like to warn our urban masters against big and easily corrected mistakes, which even the West sins hourly. These mistakes are forgotten and in the incomplete use of the means of architecture in the planning of cities.
A cursory glance at the practice and state of affairs in the field of urban planning in the West seems to convince us that this area is the domain of more technical knowledge and measures, but not architectural ones.
It seems that mainly economics, utilitarian expediency solve all these complex issues.
Here we must dwell, first of all, on that narrow understanding of the tasks of architecture, which the general public prescribes to it. Architecture is there, - they roughly say, - where there are rich facades, where there is a need for decorations, decoration, a certain decorative effect, in a beautiful form. And hence some hasty conclusion: architecture is not for us, especially in the presence of an economy mode. We need technology with its modern methods, economy, practicality and expediency. Although a slightly closer look at the same technique confirms that this "technique" is never complete without the application of the Formative means of art to one degree or another for the products of its production. This “technique” tries to make the internal constructive expediency of a thing also formally expedient. That is why Western industry, for example, has long known the cooperation in production of both the artist and the engineer. [...]
Technical measures alone are still insufficient for a correct solution of the problems of urban planning and redevelopment. The plan of the city or its re-planning parts must be drawn up with a specific idea that fully corresponds to the cultural, social and state significance of the city, with the appropriate organization and subordination of its parts to the condition (and vice versa) both along the line of formal and spatial orientation, and along the line of general improvement, including economic, technical and utilitarian moments. Such a plan must unwittingly be a synthetic consequence of the factors named above. This synthesis can be provided by architecture, which simultaneously possesses the organizing principles of design (art) and the principles of technology.
The methods of technology are not disputed by anyone. But the methods of architecture, as a formative art, are not sufficiently taken into account. This becomes especially evident in the examples of large and complex issues of urban planning and urban construction.
* The concept of "decoration" N. Dokuchaev, as well as the theorists of constructivism (A. Gai, M. Ginzburg) uses in the sense - "shaping", "shaping", "formation".
When erecting any large public building in a square or a large street, we care very little about how it will be combined with the surrounding ensembles of buildings; how advantageous is its location on a given street; whether the dimensions of the width of the street are consistent with the height of the structure, etc. For the shape of the structure, which should affect us, is far from indifferent, how the facade, the structure is divided, what buildings surround it, from what points of view the structure will be visible. In such cases, architecture teaches that the degree of impact and the integrity of the impression of the part and of the whole structure depends on careful coordination of them with each other and with the environment. A detail can spoil the impression of the whole. By reducing the size of the divisions of the building, giving these divisions a size that somehow corresponds to the height of human growth, we can significantly increase the visual impression received from the structure. It turns out that the presence of a connection between the articulations of the facade of a structure with the magnitude of human growth gives the latter the measure by which he judges the relative dimensions of the structure. [...]
We have all experienced, probably, the effect on us of the inexpressiveness and monotonous monotony of the long, straight streets. We all know the feeling of boredom, physical fatigue and loss that they cause. That is why to give the streets design not only from the point of view of their natural, pleasant forms, but also from the point of view of elementary amenities, to help the residents easily navigate the city, to find the main and secondary directions to the center, to the periphery, to the squares and residential areas - a thing in urban planning is far from secondary. With regard to large areas, it can be said that, sometimes spending quite a lot of money on their maintenance, paving, cleaning from snow, garbage, etc., the city does not receive anything good in return. Such a square is often fraught with great dangers both for the monuments erected on them, and for large structures overlooking such squares.
The large open space of the square can literally destroy the large size of both the monument and the structure. Here, it turns out, we are making an unacceptable mistake, ignoring the difference in the actual scale, the real dimensions of the monument, structures and the square itself with an optical, visual scale. It is the latter that creates that subjective impression that replaces in our perception the really existing or really given. Therefore, it turns out that an increase in the proportions and absolute dimensions of a square or a building does not yet increase the degree of their impact on the viewer. It is necessary to combine the space of the square and the size of the building in such a way and show the viewer in such a way that, following the indications of the emerging optical scale, he can mutually evaluate them and visually cognize them.
Take, for example, the Temple of the Savior in Moscow* and the Ivan the Great Bell Tower in the Kremlin. The first, having large dimensions and large divisions, does not seem to be higher than the bell tower of Ivan the Great, although the latter could easily fit inside the temple. Horizontal divisions into tiers, small details and verticality of the main forms of the bell tower give the bell tower that optical scale that evokes the impression of great height in the viewer. The same is true for large spaces. Lacking objects or system and connection in randomly placed objects, large spaces appear dead, featureless and understated. The eye, not encountering irritation, deprived of the ability to visually measure space with anything, cannot assess either distance or direction, and therefore quickly gets tired, feeling physical fatigue. That is why the endless expanses of the southern steppes or deserts soon tire a person, often evoking visions and mirages in a weary imagination. And, conversely, that is why the picturesque variety of hilly landscapes and even a modest railway track with a long chain of telegraph poles stretching into the distance seem to be expressive, invigorating and long-lasting images. All these provisions remain in force with respect to urban planning issues.
* The Cathedral of Christ the Savior in Moscow was built according to the project of arch. K. A. Tona in 1837-1883 Demolished in connection with the construction of the Palace of Soviets of the USSR.
We are deprived of the opportunity to give in this article other numerous examples of formal factors that affect the degree of expressiveness of architectural structures and entire urban architectural ensembles. It seems that those few examples given are sufficient to judge the significance and timeliness of using the means of architecture even in our harsh economic conditions of today. Moreover, referring to various economic reasons, we are reaping results that are far from economical in every sense. [...]
In the [...] case of redevelopment of entire quarters or a new layout of still undeveloped urban districts, the architectural question is even more diverse, strict and responsible. Neither technology, nor sanitation, nor citywide improvement, as it is understood so far, will yet solve the problem. We repeat that the planning of the city should be based on the idea, character and form that correspond to the political, social, cultural and economic significance of this city. It is only possible to give order and a general organization in planning, which would reveal the idea and form of planning corresponding to a given city, only by means of architecture. [...]
Therefore, I would like to appeal to those who now, for example in Moscow, will develop the issues of redevelopment and expansion of the city, so that they carefully and carefully weigh their plans in terms of their architectural value. Taking into account the relevant examples and methods of solving urban problems practiced by the West and America, borrowing their resourceful techniques and methods of urban transportation underground, over ground and above ground, borrowing bold structures of reinforced concrete, steel and glass, and their methods of rationally resolving the issue in the economy and general urban improvement, we must go further than the West and America in matters of the architectural organization of the planning and development of our cities. For it is not for us to combine "all the comforts of life" and life itself, valued at a penny. The city should exist and develop for its inhabitants, and not vice versa. The city must remember that its resident is a citizen, not an inhabitant. Therefore, the principles of the general planned organization of the city and its entire external appearance should be reasonable, simple and perfect in form. Our cities will then really become bearers of true culture, progress and social education.
We often encounter misconceptions among customers about the composition of the Architectural Working Design (it is called AR). For many, these are general ideas about its composition, for some, the opinion is that this architectural section of the project is just “plans, facades, sections ...”, there are also those who consider it an unnecessary waste of time and money.
Our opinion is that this is not entirely true, or rather it is not at all :). this is an integral, important and complete part of the entire project, in most cases the constructive section (CS) is closely related to the AR and most of the sheets of the CS section refer specifically to the architectural section. They complement, clarify each other, and only both sets of AR and KR can be called a full-fledged working project for the construction of a private house. Today we want to show with a specific example what a detailed architectural working project for the construction of a private house. And as an example, we will take our project, which was developed this spring and is currently being implemented. The price of an architectural project of a private house depends on the area of \u200b\u200bthe house, on the complexity of the terms of reference and the required time frame for developing the project - read it in advance.
We must say that this project is not a reference one and it is difficult to say that the number and composition of drawings in AR projects can be typical, since each project has its own nuances and features, depending on this, it can be supplemented with various kinds of diagrams and drawings.
Title page of the project.
It gives a brief description of the project.
Project visualization.
3D renderers that give an understanding of the appearance of the house
Common data.
This is a table that lists all the drawings in the project, gives general instructions and a couple more statements.
General instructions for masonry
On this sheet, the architect describes what materials the house will be built from, how the walls are laid, and what nuances the customer should pay special attention to.
Insolation scheme
A diagram showing how and for how long one or another side of the house will be illuminated.
General plan or scheme of the planning organization of the relief.
One of the most important drawings of the project. It gives an understanding of how the house is tied to the boundaries of the site in accordance with the regulations and how the relief will be organized after construction. The same drawing is included in the building passport for obtaining a building permit. In particular, in this project we dealt with a complex relief on a slope and worked out a 3D view of the relief to make it clearer for builders
Masonry floor plans.
Almost all builders use this part of the project at the construction site, but most of the time it belongs to masons who are laying walls, partitions, chimneys and channels. All dimensions, piers are indicated here, windows and doors are tied, notes and symbols are given.
Floor plans.
This drawing is similar to the masonry plan, but it is on the marking plan that window and door openings, types of floors are indicated and marked, the area of \u200b\u200bthe premises and the table-list of premises are given.
Roof plan.
The drawing shows the overall dimensions of the roof, binding to the axes. Gives an understanding of the main height marks of the characteristic parts of the roof: ridges, valleys, overhangs, gables, etc. Sometimes our design team includes a 3D chart with elevations and slopes of the roof in this sheet to make it easier for customers and builders to grasp the essence.
Facades of the house.
Well, everything is clear without explanation. This is the face of the house, on the drawing of the facade, all levels and marks are visible, the bricklayer always works with the masonry plan and the facade. This is how a complete understanding of which pier begins where and to what mark the laying is carried out is achieved.
Details of walls or sections along walls.
In fact, these are cuts only on a larger scale and there are much more of them than 2-3. Since the scale of such sections is usually 1:20, 1:30, then here you can see the “order” of the masonry - that is, the height of the row with the mortar joint and understand how many rows of masonry will be, for example, under the window and above the window. Information is also given here on how the masonry is reinforced, how decorative elements are arranged, etc.
Ventilation ducts and chimneys.
Explication of walls and bill of materials.
The material consumption specification gives the customer an understanding of what wall materials he needs to purchase and in what quantity. By the way, this is one of the most asked questions by customers 🙂
Scheme of window blocks and doors.
Schemes of windows and doors are presented. Information is given on the number and size of windows and doors per floor and the total number for the entire house.
Usually there are at least three or four of them, and they also clarify the understanding of the overall picture inside the house.
Schematic representation of the floors of the house, their composition and area.
With this post, our project team wants to provide insight for customers who have not yet encountered a construction site and do not know what information they should receive. . We would also like to protect our future customers from dishonest and incompetent designers. Knowing how much information you will receive when ordering an architectural project, it will be more difficult to deceive you. Demand from architects and designers that the AR give answers to all questions about the construction, and not be something like “planks and facades with cuts” 🙂 Or just contact us - we love complex and interesting tasks!
