Musculoskeletal
human system.
Hygiene ODS.
MOU Shchapovskaya secondary school
Structural part
musculoskeletal system
Active
Passive
Motor
provides movement of the body and its parts in space
Protective
creates body cavities to protect internal organs
Form-building
determines the shape and size of the body
support
supporting frame of the body
hematopoietic
red bone marrow - source of blood cells
exchange
bones are a source of Ca, F and other minerals.
- Form-building
- Protective
- Motor
- Energy
determines the shape and size of the body.
creates body cavities to protect internal organs.
provides movement of the body and its parts in space.
converts chemical energy into mechanical and thermal energy.
X-ray of the human skeleton
(skeletons)
Skeleton (skeletos - dried) - a set of solid
tissues in the body that serve
supporting the body or its individual parts and protecting it from
mechanical damage.
Bone (os, ossis) is an organ, the main element of the vertebrate skeleton.
Belt top
limbs
free
limbs
Rib cage
Spine
Skeleton Free
lower limb
Belt bottom
limbs
Skeleton Free
lower limb
Departments of the skeleton
frontal bone
Parietal bone
Temporal bone
Lower jaw
Cheekbone
upper jaw
wedge-shaped
Occipital
lacrimal bone
nasal bone
Ethmoid bone
Neck vertebrae (7)
Thoracic vertebrae (12)
Lumbar vertebrae (5)
sacral vertebrae (5)
coccygeal vertebrae
The transverse processes of the vertebrae
cervical lordosis
Thoracic kyphosis
Lumbar lordosis
sacral kyphosis
Vertebral channel
Vertebral body
intervertebral foramen
sacral canal
Spine
true ribs
Sternocostal
cartilaginous parts
False ribs
costal arch
oscillating fins
Rib cage
Brachial bone
Elbow bone
Radius
wrist bones
Phalanges of fingers
Belt top
limbs
Metacarpal bones
Upper limb
Pelvic bones
thigh bones
tibia
tibia
Tarsus
4 Articular head
1 Articular cavity
2 Periosteum
3 Articular bag
5 Articular fluid
Calcaneus
limb
7 Patella
The human skeleton has a number of differences from the skeleton of mammals:
a) The brain section predominates, the jaws are less developed
Cerebral
b) the spine has 4 bends
Lumbar
Coccyx (rudimentary organ)
Sacral
c) the chest is expanded downwards and
to the sides
d) thumb
opposed to others
e) wide pelvis - support for internal organs
e) massive bones of the lower limb,
arched foot
human muscles
In total, there are about 600 skeletal muscles in the human body, which make up 40% of the total body weight.
In newborns and children, muscles make up no more than 20-25% of body weight, and in old age their share decreases to 25-30%
from body weight.
Muscles, muscles (musculi) - organs of the body, consisting of muscle tissue that can contract under the influence of nerve impulses.
Skeletal (somatic) muscles
functional muscles
subdivided into:
Arbitrary
They consist of striated muscle tissue and contract at the will of a person (arbitrarily).
These are the muscles of the head, trunk, limbs, tongue, larynx, etc.
- involuntary
They consist of smooth muscle tissue and are located in the walls of internal organs, blood vessels, and in the skin.
The contractions of these muscles do not depend on the will of the person.
Major superficial muscles
Muscle function depends on where they are attachedCasting
Outward rotation
lead
Inward rotation
bending
extension
Some somatic muscles perform functions in the body that are not related to the movements of parts of the skeleton.
These muscles have a peculiar shape, a special location and points of attachment.
However, in their tissue composition, microscopic structure, mechanisms of work and methods of regulation, they do not differ from ordinary skeletal muscles.
attached to the skin of the face. They are needed for expressing emotions and for speech.
Mimic muscles
oculomotor muscles
These muscles provide movement of the eyeball.
- The muscles of the tongue, larynx, pharynx and the initial section of the esophagus are involved in swallowing.
- The muscles of the tongue and larynx are needed for speech.
Muscles of the head
Separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities. Together with the intercostal muscles, it provides breathing.
Diaphragm
Muscles of the pelvic floor
Supports the pelvic organs. The circular fibers of these muscles cover the rectum and urethra, forming sphincters.
A person has well-developed muscles that hold the body in an extended (vertical) position.
When these muscles are relaxed, the body flexes under the force of gravity.
Muscle work
Muscles that perform the same movement are called synergists,
and the opposite is antagonists.
The work of the muscles of the antagonists
Muscle work
static
Dynamic
The amount of work depends on the strength of the muscles (F=mg) and their length.
Muscle strength is directly proportional to the cross section of all muscle fibers of a given muscle.
Muscles in a living organism are never, even at rest, completely relaxed, they are in a state of some tension - tone .
Muscle tone is maintained by rare impulses entering the muscles from the central nervous system.
Thanks to muscle tone, stability and position are maintained.
Tonus is a state of prolonged, retained insignificant
muscle tension.
Physical inactivity is a sedentary lifestyle.
Atrophy - loss of working capacity
as a result of prolonged muscle inactivity.
With prolonged contraction, a gradual decrease in muscle performance occurs.
This condition is called muscle fatigue.
Active rest is the best remedy
to reduce fatigue
Physical inactivity is unfavorable
affects people's health.
Hygiene ODS
a- normal posture;
b- kyphotic posture (round back, stooped back);
c- flat back;
d- plano-concave back;
d- kypholordotic posture (round-concave back)
Basic types of posture
Bad posture
makes it difficult
lung work,
heart, gastrointestinal tract
Decreases
VC, decreasing
metabolism
Appear
headache,
increased fatigue
Posture formation
Uniform exercise and harmonic development all muscle groups
Right selected furniture for classes and shoes (to prevent flat feet)
Mode work and rest
flat feet
CLASSIFICATIONS
By etiology
Paralytic
Rachitic
static
traumatic
According to the nature of the deformation
transverse
Longitudinal
Combination of longitudinal and transverse
Each foot is made up of 26 bones , interconnected by ligaments and muscles, and also has 61 receptors , which are responsible for the work of a particular human organ.
Bundles - these are peculiar connecting tapes that pull the bones together with the help of muscles, giving the shape of the foot.
On the plantar surface of the foot there is also a protective dense wide ligament - plantar aponeurosis .
The structure of the foot
Causes of flat feet
- overweight
- uncomfortable shoes
- irrational loads
- foot injury and ankle joint
- some congenital conditions (clubfoot)
- Severe infections (polio) and their complications
- childhood rickets
Already at the beginning of the disease,
you can see some
symptoms:
- Rapid fatigue when walking.
- Pain in the feet and legs, worse towards the end of the day.
- Pastosity of the foot, swelling in the ankle.
Clinical picture
With statistical flat feet, painful areas appear:
1. In the sole: the center of the arch and the inner edge of the heel.
2. In the rear of the foot: the central part, between the navicular and talus bones.
3. Under the inner and outer ankles.
4. Between the heads of the tarsal bones.
5. In the muscles of the lower leg (overload).
6. In the knee and hip joints (change in biomechanics).
7. In the thigh
(overstrain of the fascia lata).
8. In the lumbar region
(compensatory increase in lordosis).
- constant headache
- curvature of the spine (scoliosis or scyphoscoliosis)
- pinched intervertebral discs
- foot deformity
- (growth of a "painful bone" on the thumb)
- circulatory disorders of the lower extremities, edema and
- emergence of changes in
ankle pain
areas of the knee joints
Consequences of flat feet
Healthy feet - the path to health
On the sole of the foot are nerve endings that send nerve impulses to the organs for which they are responsible.
Oriental medicine, with pain in these organs, it can be advised to get rid of them by massaging these areas or acupuncture.
Conservative treatment
In the initial stages, thermal treatment (foot baths), load limitation, rational shoes, massage, exercise therapy, barefoot walking on uneven surfaces and sand, tiptoe walking, jumping, outdoor games are recommended. With pronounced flat feet - arch support insoles with arch modeling, orthopedic shoes. Prevention (rational shoes, massage, walking barefoot, physical education) flat feet warns the latter.
Surgical treatment
Transplantation (in severe forms of flat feet, constant severe pain) of the tendon of the long peroneal muscle to the inner edge of the foot, with bone changes - wedge-shaped or falciform resection of the talocalcaneal joint, knocking out a wedge from the navicular bone. After the operation, a plaster bandage is applied for 4-5 weeks.
Self massage
The lower leg should be stroked, rubbed with palms, kneaded, tapped with fingertips. Massage the lower leg from the ankle joint to the knee joint, mainly the inner surface of the lower leg.
The foot should be stroked and rubbed with the back of the bent fingers. The plantar surface of the foot should be massaged from the toes to the heel;
it is useful to use special rubber mats and massage rollers.
How to choose shoes for flat feet
- Definitely a leather upper. Desirable and leather sole;
- the heel is low, in children's shoes it should occupy at least a third of the sole in length in order to support the heel and the rear segment of the arch; wide toe;
- good quality leather;
- the sole is flexible, no platforms;
- can also be used special orthopedic insoles and instep supports (orthoses)
Information sources
- Razumov V.P. Textbook of human anatomy and physiology.
- \Safyannikova E.B. Anatomy and physiology. - M. "Medicine". – 1975
- Sapin M.R., Bryksina Z.G. Human anatomy. Moscow: Enlightenment. – 1995
- General course of human and animal physiology. Ed. HELL. Nozdrachev.
- Harrison D., Weiner D., Tanner D., Barnicot N. Human Biology. Per. from English.
- Khripkova A.G. Anatomy, physiology and human hygiene. Moscow: Enlightenment. 1975
- Home medical encyclopedia. Ed. IN AND. Pokrovsky.
- Biology. Reference materials. Ed. Traitak D.I. Moscow: Enlightenment. 1994
- Belyaeva L.T. and co-authors. Biology. Moscow: Enlightenment. 1975
- CD disc"My body. Human Anatomy and Physiology. Interactive Encyclopedia, (electronic educational edition), Novy Disk Firm, Novy Disk Publishing Center, 2006
- 2 CDs"Anatomy. Grade 9 Educational complex "(electronic educational edition), Firm" 1C ", Publishing center" Ventana-Graf ", 2007
- CD disc"Laboratory workshop. Biology grades 6-11 "(educational electronic edition), Republican Multimedia Center, 2004
- www.nature.ru
- www.en.wikipedia.org
- www.cnshb.ru
M. “Gosud. medical publishing house. – 1933
M.: " graduate School”, v.1. 1985
M.: "Mir". 1968
M.: "Medical Encyclopedia". 1993
Musculoskeletal system and its functions. The human skeleton, its meaning is the structure.
Saltykova Natalya Nikolaevna,
biology teacher.
MKOU "boarding school No. 13"
Skeleton -
the totality of hard tissues in the body of animals and humans
H The value of the musculoskeletal system:
- - serves as a support for the body;
- - carries out the movement of the body in space;
- - creates the structural shape of the body;
- - provides protection of internal organs;
- - Participates in metabolism.
The skeleton is divided into:
- Head skeleton
- Skeleton of free limbs
- Limb belts
Skeleton
Peripheral
Axial
Head skeleton
limb skeleton
Upper
lower
Shoulder girdle
limb skeleton
Pelvic girdle
limb skeleton
Head skeleton:
The skull is made up of 29 bones
Compound skull bones
Fixed Mobile
cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar
sacral department
coccygeal department
Skeleton of the upper limb
Collarbone
Upper limb belt
shoulder blade
Brachial bone
Elbow bone
Forearm bones
Radius
wrist bones
Metacarpal bones
Brush
Phalanges of fingers
Supporting, protective, hematopoietic, mineral metabolism.
1. Skeleton functions
Paired - parietal, temporal, zygomatic, nasal.
3. Departments of the skeleton
2. Head skeleton - skull
4. Shoulder girdle
Trunk, skull, shoulder girdle, upper limb, pelvic girdle, lower limb
Unpaired - frontal, occipital,
Shoulder blade and clavicle
5. Bones of the upper limb
maxillary, mandibular.
Shoulder, forearm, hand
6. Belt of the lower limb (pelvic)
Pelvic bones
7. Bones of the lower limb
Thigh, shin, foot
- Do they belong to the brain part of the skull?
- What bones make up the chest?
- Which of the following organs does not protect the chest: a) esophagus b) heart c) kidneys?
- Which part of the skull is larger, the brain region or the facial region?
- What part of the spine is made up of 7 vertebrae?
- How many pelvic bones does a person have?
- The belt of the lower extremities form?
- What is the largest bone in the human skeleton?
Homework
- Page 108-112, answer questions on page 115
- Know the structure and functions of the human skeleton
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This work is devoted to the human musculoskeletal system, its structure and functions. The paper examines in detail the bones and tissues of the musculoskeletal system, their structure and functions, and examines in detail the human musculoskeletal system.
- Structure and functions
- The structure of tissues and bones
- Chemical substances bones
- Human musculoskeletal system
For the teacher to teach
Format
pptx (powerpoint)
Number of slides
Kassikhina Tatyana Alexandrovna
Audience
Words
Abstract
Present
purpose
slide 1
The presentation was prepared by Kassikhina Tatyana Alexandrovna, teacher of biology, chemistry, secondary school, village Gorodishe
slide 2
Structure and functions
- Skeleton
- muscles
- support
- Motor
- Protective
- hematopoietic
slide 3
The structure of tissues
A kind of connective;
A large amount of intercellular substance impregnated with mineral salts;
Cells are osteons, star-shaped.
Muscular:
Skeletal, long muscle fibers with many nuclei and the protein myosin, capable of stretching and twisting, giving a transverse striation to the fiber.
slide 4
The structure of the bones
slide 5
The structure of the long tubular bone
- bone heads
- Tubular part
- Periosteum
slide 6
Laboratory work
- Examine the cuts of the bones in the head and tubular part.
- Pay attention to what the heads of the tubular bone are filled with
- How are the bone plates located?
- Recall from your experience what the tubular part of the bone is filled with
- Make notes.
Slide 7
bone growth
- In length - due to cartilage
- In thickness - due to the periosteum
Slide 8
Bone chemicals
- organic
- Inorganic
Slide 9
Human skeleton
Slide 10
Departments of the skeleton
- Head skeleton - skull
- Trunk skeleton: spine, chest
- Free limb skeleton:
- upper: shoulder, forearm, hand;
- lower: thigh, lower leg, foot;
- Limb girdle skeleton:
- upper: scapula, collarbone;
- lower - pelvis.
slide 11
skull skeleton
- Cerebral
- Facial
slide 12
Torso skeleton
Rib cage:
1) sternum;
slide 13
Departments of the spine
- - cervical region
- - thoracic region
- - lumbar
- - sacral and coccygeal regions
Slide 14
Skeleton of the upper limb
- Upper limb belt
- Free upper limb
slide 15
Skeleton of the lower limb
- Lower limb belt
- Free lower limb
slide 16
Upper limb girdle skeleton
- Collarbone
- shoulder blade
Slide 17
Skeleton of the girdle of the lower limb
- The pelvis is three pairs of fused bones:
iliac,
Pubic,
Ischial
Slide 18
Types of bone connection
Slide 19
The structure of the joint
Task: Make a schematic drawing of the joint in a notebook and sign its parts.
Slide 20
Types of skeletal damage
- Sprain
- joint dislocation
- Bone fracture:
Open
- Closed
slide 21
Muscle structure
http://old.college.ru/biology/course/content/chapter10/section1/paragraph2/theory.html
slide 22
Muscle shapes
A) fusiform
B) two-headed
B) digastric
D) ribbon-like
D) two-pinned
E) single-feathered
slide 23
Major muscle groups
By function:
- Chewable
- Mimic
- Respiratory
Skeletal: flexors and extensors
By location:
- Muscles of the head
- Trunk muscles
- Limb muscles
slide 24
Features of the musculoskeletal system
- The foot has an arch
- The spine has 4 physiological curves
Slide 25
Let's repeat
slide 26
Slide 27
Let's repeat
Slide 28
Flash source
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Abstract
Biology lesson on the topic
Tasks:
I. Check of knowledge.
II. Learning new material
Notebook entries:
Skeleton - support
Muscles - movement
Hematopoiesis.
Teacher Resources:
Functions:
Notebook entries:
Fabric structure
Notebook entries: Bone structure
femoral vertebrae
bone heads
tubular part
cartilage
periosteum
Question:
Notebook entry:
Laboratory work"Consideration of bone cuts"
What are the vertebrae filled with?
Notebook entries:
Teacher Resources
The structure of the bones
Bone shape
bone growth
Notebook entries:
Bone chemicals
Organic Inorganic
Notebook entries
Departments of the skeleton
Teacher material
Skeleton of the upper limb
Shoulder skeleton
Skeleton of the lower limb
Skeleton of the pelvic girdle
Notebook entries
Types of bone connection
Joint Half Joint Suture
Teacher material
Bone joints
conversation,
8. The structure of the muscle. - teacher's story, .
Exercise:
Notebook entries
Muscle structure:
- muscle bundles and fibers;
- tendons;
Exercise:
Notebook entries
muscle groups
By location By function
Muscles of the head - mimic
- writing in a notebook
Notebook entries
Peculiarities:
The cerebral region of the skull is larger than the facial
The fifth finger is opposed to the rest
The bones and muscles of the lower sections are more developed
The foot has an arch
Teacher material
Regarding upright posture:
Massive heel bones;
III. Summarizing.
Biology lesson on the topic
"General characteristics of the musculoskeletal system" Grade 8
Developed by Kassikhina Tatyana Alexandrovna, a teacher of biology, chemistry, secondary school, Gorodishe village, Nemsky district, Kirov region
The purpose of the lesson: to give a general idea of the structure and functions of the musculoskeletal system.
Tasks:
- educational: get acquainted with the tissues that form the musculoskeletal system, parts, functions and features of the musculoskeletal system in the process of working with a multimedia presentation;
- developing: development of the ability to observe natural objects and draw conclusions from observations, establish cause-and-effect relationships between structure and functions;
- educational: to continue the education of a responsible attitude to one's health and its preservation on the basis of acquired knowledge.
Equipment: cuts of bones (handout), tables "Structure of bones and types of their connections", "Skeletal muscles", "Skeleton", "Human skull", multimedia presentation.
The lesson is designed for two paired teaching hours.
I. Check of knowledge.
II. Learning new material
1. Composition and main functions of the skeleton:- conversation, work with a presentation slide and tables, writing a diagram in a notebook.
Notebook entries:
The composition and main functions of the skeleton
Skeleton - support
Muscles - movement
Hematopoiesis.
Teacher Resources:
One of the functions of the human body is to change the position of body parts, movement in space. Movements occur with the participation of bones that act as levers, and skeletal muscles, which, together with bones and their joints, form the musculoskeletal system. Bones and bone joints make up the passive part of the musculoskeletal system, and the muscles that perform the functions of contracting and changing the position of the bones are the active part. The skeleton is a collection of bones that form a solid frame in the human body, which ensures the performance of a number of important functions. The skeleton and the bones that form it, having a complex structure and chemical composition, have great strength. They perform the functions of support, movement, protection in the body, they are a depot of salts of calcium, phosphorus, etc. The supporting function of the skeleton is that the bones support the soft tissues attached to them (muscles, fascia and other organs), participate in the formation of the walls of the cavities in which the internal organs are placed. Without the skeleton, the human body, which is affected by the forces of attraction (gravity), could not occupy a certain position in space. Fascia, ligaments, etc., are attached to the bones, which are elements of the soft skeleton, or soft skeleton, which also takes part in holding organs near the bones that form a solid skeleton (skeleton). The bones of the skeleton act as long and short levers driven by muscles. As a result, body parts have the ability to move. The skeleton forms receptacles for vital organs, protects them from external influences. So, in the cavity of the skull is the brain, in the spinal canal - the spinal cord; the chest protects the heart, lungs, large vessels; bone pelvis - organs of the reproductive and urinary systems, etc. �Bones contain a significant amount of calcium, phosphorus, magnesium and other elements that are involved in mineral metabolism. The skeleton includes more than 200 bones, of nickname 33 - 34 are unpaired, the rest are paired; 29 bones form the skull, 26 bones form the vertebral column, 25 bones form the ribs and sternum, 64 bones form the skeleton of the upper limbs, and 62 bones form the skeleton of the lower limbs. The spinal column, skull and chest are referred to as the axial skeleton, the bones of the upper and lower extremities are called the accessory skeleton. http://www.anatomus.ru/oporno_dvig.html
Functions:
Support. The skeleton serves as a rigid, compression-resistant framework for the body. It helps the body to maintain a certain shape, providing support for all its mass, counteracting the force of gravity and lifting the body off the ground. This makes it easier to move on land. The internal organs are fixed and suspended from the skeleton.
Protection. The human endoskeleton (internal skeleton) protects the internal organs. The cranium provides protection for the brain and sense organs (vision, smell, balance and hearing), the spine protects the spinal cord, and the ribs and sternum protect the heart, lungs and large blood vessels.
Movement. The skeleton, built of rigid material, serves as the site of muscle attachment. When muscles contract, parts of the skeleton work as levers, and this leads to various movements.
Hematopoiesis. http://www.skeletos.zharko.ru/main/G121
2. Tissues that form O.-D. system.- actualization and concretization of knowledge about fabrics during the conversation, filling in the diagram in a notebook based on the presentation.
Bone tissue is a type of connective tissue, its role in mineral metabolism.
Muscular - a kind of skeletal, its features.
Notebook entries:
Fabric structure
3. Types of bones: round tubular and flat spongy. Features of the structure, providing their strength and lightness. The structure of the bone: outer dense and inner spongy substance, periosteum. Functions of the periosteum, dense bone substance and cancellous bone substance. - a teacher's story with a demonstration of a table, natural objects, presentations, filling out a diagram with a picture, performing an introductory laboratory work.
Notebook entries: Bone structure
Long tubular Short tubular Flat
femoral vertebrae
bone heads
tubular part
cartilage
periosteum
Question: Think about what features of the structure of bones ensure their growth?
Notebook entry:
Due to the periosteum, the bone grows in thickness, and due to the cartilage - in length.
Laboratory work"Consideration of bone cuts"
1. Consider the cuts of the bones, pay attention to the structure of the head of the bone and the tubular part:
What are the heads of the bone and the tubular part filled with?
What are the vertebrae filled with?
How are the bone plates located?
What is the space between the bone plates filled with?
2. Make the necessary notes.
Notebook entries:
In the heads of the bones there are bone plates, which are located in the directions of greatest tension and compression. The space between them is filled with red bone marrow, a hematopoietic organ. The tubular part is hollow and filled with yellow bone marrow, a tissue rich in fat.
Teacher Resources
The structure of the bones
The skeleton as a support carries a large load: an average of 60-70 kg (body weight of an adult). Therefore, the bones must be strong. Bones withstand tension almost as well as cast iron, and in terms of resistance to compression, they are twice that of granite.
The soft parts of the bone do not make it less durable. Bone tissue cells live like one family, connecting with each other by processes, like bridges. Blood vessels, penetrating the bone and delivering nutrients and oxygen to bone cells, do not reduce the reliable hardness of the bone.
The intercellular substance is 67% composed of Not organic matter, mainly from compounds of calcium and phosphorus. Distinguish between compact (dense) and spongy substance. The compact substance is formed by tightly fitting bone plates that form complexly organized cylindrical structures. The spongy substance consists of crossbeams (beams) formed by the intercellular substance and arranged in an arcuate manner, according to the directions in which the bone experiences gravity pressure and stretching by the muscles attached to it. The cylindrical structure of a dense substance and make it strong and elastic.
In tubular bones, differences in structure in the direction from the center to the ends serve to increase their strength. The tubular bone in the center is more hard and less elastic than at the ends. Toward the articular surface, the structure of the tubular bone changes from compact to dense. This change in structure provides the main transfer of stress from the bone through the cartilage to the surface of the joint.
Outside, the bone is dressed with a periosteum, which is pierced by blood vessels that feed the bone. There are many sensitive nerve endings in the periosteum, while the bone itself is insensitive.
The cavity of the tubular bones is filled with red bone marrow, which is replaced by yellow (adipose tissue) during life.
Bone shape
Bones differ from each other in shape and structure. Distinguish bones are tubular, flat, mixed and airy. Among the tubular bones, there are long (humerus, femur, bones of the forearm, lower leg) and short (bones of the metacarpus, metatarsus, phalanges of the fingers). Spongy bones consist of a spongy substance covered with a thin layer of compact substance. They have the shape of an irregular cube or polyhedron and are located in places where a large load is combined with mobility (for example, the patella).
Flat bones are involved in the formation of cavities, limb belts and perform the function of protection (bones of the skull roof, sternum).
Mixed bones have a complex shape and consist of several parts that have different origins. Mixed bones include vertebrae, bones of the base of the skull.
Pneumatic bones have a cavity in their body lined with a mucous membrane and filled with air. Such, for example, are some parts of the skull: the frontal, sphenoid, upper jaw, and some others.
The shape and relief of the bones depend on the nature of the muscles attached to them. If the muscle is attached to the bone with the help of a tendon, then a tubercle, process or ridge is formed in this place. If the muscle is directly combined with the periosteum, then a depression is formed.
bone growth
As a person grows, bones grow in length and thickness. The growth of bones in thickness occurs due to cell division of the inner layer of the periosteum. In length, young bones grow due to the cartilage located between the body of the bone and its ends. The development of the skeleton in men ends by the age of 20-25, in women - at 18-21 years. http://www.skeletos.zharko.ru/main/G131
4. Chemical composition of bones. Influence of mineral and organic substances on the properties of bones. Change chemical composition bones with age. - teacher's story with presentation demonstration
Notebook entries:
Bone chemicals
Organic Inorganic
5. Departments of the human skeleton. - a story based on a skeleton model, table or presentation slide, filling out a diagram in a notebook
Notebook entries
Departments of the skeleton
Teacher material
Skeleton of the upper limb: consists of the skeleton of the free upper limb: the humerus, the bones of the forearm - the ulna and radius, the wrist (8 bones), the metacarpus and phalanges of the fingers.
Shoulder skeleton: consists of paired shoulder blades and clavicles.
Skeleton of the lower limb: consists of the skeleton of the free lower limb - the femur, the bones of the lower leg (tibia and fibula), the bones of the foot (tarsus - 7 bones, metatarsus and phalanges of the fingers).
Skeleton of the pelvic girdle: consists of two pelvic bones, each formed by the fusion of three bones - the ilium, ischium and pubis. http://aniavetisyan.volsk-sch11.edusite.ru/p54aa1.html
6. Types of bone connection: fixed, movable, semi-movable. - the story of the teacher with the involvement of the knowledge of students from the course of physics on the topic "Application of the lever".
Notebook entries
Types of bone connection
Joint Half Joint Suture
movable - semi-movable - fixed
Teacher material
Bone joints
The way the bones are connected depends on their function. There are continuous connections, discontinuous connections (joints) and semi-joints.
There are continuous connections between the bones of the skull and pelvis. Between the connecting bones is a thin layer of connective tissue or cartilage. The joints between the bones of the roof and the facial part of the skull are called sutures. Serrated sutures are distinguished when the serrated edge of one bone of the skull roof is connected to a similar edge of another bone. Semi-joints are also cartilaginous joints, but there is a small cavity in the thickness of the cartilage. These include the joints of the vertebrae, pubic bones. A slight mobility of these joints is achieved with the help of cartilaginous plates and elastic ligaments.
Joints - continuous connections of bones, including the following elements: articular surfaces of bones covered with cartilage; joint capsule, or bag; articular cavity; cavity fluid. The joint is usually reinforced with ligaments. Joint fluid is produced by cells lining the inner surface of the joint capsule. The fluid facilitates the sliding of the articular surfaces of the bones and serves as a nutrient medium for the articular cartilage. The amount of cavity fluid filling the narrow gap between the articular surfaces is very small.
Joints are distinguished by the number and shape of the articular surfaces of the bones and by the possible range of motion, i.e. according to the number of axes around which movement can be performed. So, according to the number of surfaces, the joints are divided into simple (two articular surfaces) and complex (more than two). In shape - into flat (intercarpal, carpometacarpal, tarsal-metatarsal joints), spherical (shoulder, hip), elliptical (between the occipital bone and the first cervical vertebra), etc.
By the nature of mobility, uniaxial (with one axis of rotation - block-shaped, for example, interphalangeal joints of the fingers), biaxial (with two axes - ellipsoid) and triaxial (spherical) joints are distinguished. http://www.skeletos.zharko.ru/main/G132
7. Types of damage to the skeleton - conversation, writing a diagram in a notebook based on a presentation
Sprain Dislocation of the joint Fracture: open and closed
8. The structure of the muscle. - teacher's story, work with a textbook and presentation, conversation, notes in a notebook.
Exercise: Using the text of the textbook Dragomilov A.G., Mash R.D. on pages 51-52 find and write down the main parts of the muscle.
Notebook entries
Muscle structure:
- muscle bundles and fibers;
- connective tissue sheath;
- tendons;
- blood vessels and nerves.
Muscle shapes: fusiform, biceps, digastric, ribbon-like, bipinnate, unipinnate.
9. Muscle groups by location and function. - teacher's story, work with a textbook and presentation, notes in a notebook.
Exercise: Based on the textbook Dragomilov A.G., Mash R.D. on pages 52-54, find muscle groups by location in the human body and muscle groups distinguished by function. Write it down as a diagram.
Notebook entries
muscle groups
By location By function
Muscles of the head - mimic
Trunk muscles - chewing
Limb muscles - respiratory
10. Features of the musculoskeletal system. - writing in a notebook
Notebook entries
Peculiarities:
The cerebral region of the skull is larger than the facial
The fifth finger is opposed to the rest
The bones and muscles of the lower sections are more developed
The foot has an arch
The spine has 4 physiological curves.
Teacher material
Regarding upright posture:
The human foot is arched
Massive heel bones;
The lower limbs are more massive than the upper ones;
The pelvis is expanded, cup-shaped;
The S-shaped spine has bends - two lordoses (bends directed forward - cervical and lumbar) and two kyphosis (bends directed backward - thoracic and sacral);
The chest is expanded to the sides.
In connection with labor activity and speech development
A hand was formed with an opposed thumb;
The cerebral part of the skull has increased and a chin has appeared.
III. Summarizing.
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