Energy audit of heat supply systems. About some aspects

V.G. Khromchenkov, V.A. Ryzhenkov, Yu.V. Yavorovsky
Moscow Power Engineering Institute (Technical University)

ANNOTATION

The article summarizes the results of surveys of sections of heat networks in the heat supply system of the housing and communal sector with an analysis of the existing level of heat losses in heat networks.

1. INTRODUCTION

The task of the energy audit is:

1) determination of sources and causes of energy losses and irrational use of energy resources, as well as their quantitative determination;

2) development of energy-saving measures, carried out on the basis of the analysis of energy consumption and feasibility studies.

More than 20% of the produced fuel is spent on the operation of the heat supply system of the country's housing and communal services. According to various estimates, fuel savings in this system can range from 30 to 60%.

The heat supply system audit includes an audit of the heat source; heat transport audit and heat consumer audit. When conducting an energy audit, it is necessary to take into account the features of the functioning of each of the systems.

2. ENERGY SAVING POTENTIAL OF THE HEAT SUPPLY SYSTEM

2.1. Heat source

The possibilities for energy saving at the source are very limited. Even a major modernization of the boiler house, associated with the replacement of old boiler equipment with new one, will reduce fuel losses (at gas boilers) by 3-5%, depending on the condition of the boilers. Taking into account possible circuit and other solutions aimed at energy saving, it is possible to reduce the heat consumption for the auxiliary needs of the boiler house by 2-5%. As a result, the maximum total fuel economy can be (as a rule) no more than 5-10%. The usual value of savings does not exceed 3-5%, and the larger the boiler house, the smaller the relative savings can be obtained.

2.2. heat consumer

The main energy-saving measures that lead to a significant reduction in heat consumption by industrial and housing and communal consumers are known. These primarily include the installation of modern automated ITPs and an increase in the resistance to heat transfer of building envelopes with the installation of modern types of windows with

double and triple glazing with double-glazed windows, which also dramatically reduces heat loss through infiltration. The total heat savings associated only with the implementation of these measures can be 20-40%, depending on the state of engineering systems for building heat supply before modernization, the climatic conditions of the region, etc.

2.3. Heat transport

The main measure associated with the reduction of heat losses during the transport of the coolant through long pipelines is the replacement of the old, worn-out, thermal insulation with a modern new one. A common case is the lack of thermal insulation at all. In the event of an unsatisfactory condition of the pipelines themselves, which is characterized by the number of ruptures per 1 km of the heating network during the year, it is advisable to replace them. At the same time, the channelless method of laying pipes with polyurethane foam insulation in a polyethylene sheath has become widespread in recent years.

2.4. Features of the audit of the heat supply system

The heat carrier transport system connects the system of heat production and consumption into one whole. Therefore, despite the fact that when conducting an energy audit, the task of determining heat losses in each of these systems is solved locally and independently of each other, when calculating physical and financial savings, it is necessary to consider the entire system as a whole, taking into account the mutual influence of systems on each other, which is far from not always fulfilled.

Two examples. When determining heat savings, in physical units, for example? for the consumer, as a result of the energy saving measures proposed during the energy audit, financial savings and, as a result, a reduction in the payback period, are very often determined by the cost of heat. This is correct only in the case of purchased heat from an external source. As a rule, boiler houses are part of the municipal unitary enterprise housing and communal services. In this case, the economic efficiency of this measure should be determined practically only by the amount of fuel saved at the source, the share of which in the cost structure is 30-40%. Thus, the payback period of the same event can vary greatly depending on the ownership of the heat source.

Second example. For a specific building in accordance with the proposed project, for example, the installation of an automated heating unit, the amount of heat savings obtained by eliminating overheating during the autumn and spring periods (Gcal) was calculated. Indeed, for this building, this savings in the calculated volume takes place. However, when determining real savings, as noted above, it is necessary to consider the entire heat supply system as a whole. Due to the high-quality regulation of the heating load and the constant consumption of the heat carrier in the system, its reduction for a particular building will lead to an increase in the consumption of network water for other consumers that are not equipped with automated IHS. Ultimately, this will lead to dissipation in one volume or another of the saved heat. Thus, the actual fuel savings in the boiler house can be significantly lower than the calculated value up to the absence of savings.

3. FEATURES OF HEAT TRANSPORT AUDIT

3.1. Determination of heat losses during the transport of the coolant

One of the main tasks of the audit of heat transport is to determine heat losses in this process, which is an important task, the results of which have a serious impact in the process of setting the heat tariff. Knowing this value also makes it possible to correctly select the power of the main and auxiliary equipment of the CHP and, ultimately, the heat source. The magnitude of heat losses during the transport of the coolant can become a decisive factor in choosing the structure of the heat supply system with its possible decentralization, choosing the temperature schedule of the heat network, etc. Determining the real heat losses and comparing them with standard values makes it possible to justify the effectiveness of work on the modernization of the heat network with the replacement of pipelines and/or their isolation.

3.2. Normative heat losses

Prior to the order of the Ministry of Industry and Energy No. 265 dated October 4, 2005, the value of relative heat losses by heat supply organizations was accepted without sufficient justification. Usually they were set by the values of relative heat losses, often multiples of five (10 and 15%). In accordance with the specified order, all heat supply organizations calculate the standard losses from the surface of the pipeline insulation, if there is no data on the experimental determination of the magnitude of heat losses. Heat losses with coolant leaks are also normalized.

Normative heat losses from the pipeline insulation surface directly take into account the main influencing factors: the length of the pipeline, its diameter and the temperature of the coolant and the environment. Do not take into account only the actual state of the insulation of pipelines. Knowledge of real heat losses is very important, since, as our experience has shown, they can exceed the normative values several times. Such information will make it possible to have an idea of the actual state of thermal insulation of pipelines of the heating network, to identify areas with the greatest heat losses and to calculate the economic efficiency of replacing pipelines. In addition, the availability of such information will make it possible to justify the real cost of 1 Gcal of supplied heat in the regional energy commission. However, if the heat losses associated with the leakage of the coolant can be determined by the actual replenishment of the heat network with the availability of relevant data on the heat source, then determining the real heat losses from the surface of the pipeline insulation is a very difficult task.

3.3. Actual heat loss

In accordance with, in order to determine the actual heat losses in the tested sections of a two-pipe water heating network and compare them with the standard values, a circulation ring should be organized, consisting of direct and return pipelines with a jumper between them. All branches and individual subscribers must be disconnected from it, and the flow rate in all sections of the network must be the same. At the same time, the minimum volume of the tested sections according to the material characteristic must be at least 20% of the material characteristic of the entire network, and the temperature difference of the coolant must be at least 8 °C. Thus, a ring of great length (several kilometers) should be formed.

Taking into account the practical impossibility of carrying out tests according to this method and fulfilling a number of its requirements in the conditions of the heating period, as well as the complexity and cumbersomeness, we have proposed and successfully used for many years a method of thermal testing based on simple physical laws of heat transfer. Its essence lies in the fact that, knowing the decrease (“runaway”) of the temperature of the coolant in the pipeline from one measurement point to another with a known and unchanged flow rate, it is easy to calculate the heat loss in a given section of the heating network. Then, at specific temperatures of the heat carrier and the environment, in accordance with the obtained values of heat losses, they are recalculated to average annual conditions and compared with the standard ones, also reduced to average annual conditions for a given region, taking into account the temperature schedule of heat supply. After that, the coefficient of excess of actual heat losses over the standard values is determined.

The table shows the results of a survey of 5 sections of the heating network in the city of Tyumen (in addition to calculations of normative heat losses, we also measured actual heat losses from the pipeline insulation surface). The first section is the main section of the heating network with large pipeline diameters and, accordingly, a large coolant flow rate. All other parts of the network are dead ends. Heat consumers in the second and third sections are 2- and 3-storey buildings located along two parallel streets. The fourth and fifth sections also have a common thermal chamber, but if consumers in the fourth section are compactly located relatively large 4- and 5-story houses, then in the fifth section they are private one-story houses located along one long street.

| download for free Features of energy audit of heat supply systems of housing and communal services, V.G. Khromchenkov, V.A. Ryzhenkov, Yu.V. Yavorovsky,

We propose to carry out a comprehensive diagnostics of boiler houses in order to find reserves for improving technical and economic indicators. As part of the energy inspection of the boiler house, instrumental measurements are carried out:

Analysis of gas consumption, measurement of flue gas composition, detection of excess air.
Thermal imaging inspection of heating mains and enclosing structures.
Measurements of temperature, pressure and flow of heat carriers, analysis of the optimal operation of regulators.
Measurements of energy consumption and characteristics of the main equipment of the boiler room.
Identification of possible places of leaks and losses.

Based on the measurements taken, the actual energy balance of the boiler house is calculated and compared with the standard indicators from the regime maps. As a result, problem areas are identified that reduce the efficiency of the boiler house.

The operation modes of all boiler room equipment, leakages, heat losses, irrationality of operating modes, technical condition of the equipment (wear and tear) are analyzed. Based on the actual state of the equipment and operating modes of the boiler house, an assessment is made of the energy saving potential. A program and plan for the implementation of energy-saving measures is being developed, taking into account the current regimes, norms and rules for the operation of boiler equipment and heating networks.

Examples of measures to improve the energy efficiency of a boiler house:

The technical report on the survey of the boiler house ends with the calculation of the economic justification for the proposed measures. All activities are calculated on the basis of real price data from equipment suppliers and design organizations.

Our partners in the field of improving the technical and economic indicators of boiler houses are:

ZAO IES— design organization, commissioning of automated process control systems.

We offer comprehensive services for energy audits. In our company, you can order an inspection of a boiler room or other facility, get qualified assistance from specialized specialists and draw up all the necessary documents. We offer the most favorable terms of cooperation and affordable prices for all types of services provided.

The energy audit of the boiler house is carried out in accordance with the procedure established by law. Upon completion of the check, an energy passport is developed and filled out.

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Features of energy audit of boiler houses

Boilers are considered to be one of the most complex objects of any organization or enterprise. Due to their high energy consumption, they also have the highest energy saving potential.

The energy audit procedure is aimed at solving a wide range of tasks, the main of which is the optimization of energy consumption. Among the other objectives of the study, the most significant are:

collection of information on current energy consumption indicators;
calculation of potential energy savings;
development of a personal program of energy saving measures.

The procedure and methodology for conducting energy audits at boiler houses is regulated by the provisions of Federal Law No. 261-FZ.

Stages of an energy audit

The energy audit of boiler houses is a complex, complex process. The verification procedure itself can be divided into four main stages:

documentary research;
instrumental and visual research;
analysis of the collected information;
reporting documentation.

At the first stage, the project documentation and the results of previous surveys are studied. After that, a series of instrumental measurements is performed and a visual inspection of the object being checked is carried out. The data collected during the audit is systematized and analyzed.

The final part is the preparation and execution of documents. During any energy audit, at least two documents are developed: a technical report and an energy passport. At the same time, there is no provision for issuing a separate passport for boiler houses. Information about the state of boiler houses is entered in a number of relevant applications and subsections of the energy passport of an organization or enterprise.

GENERAL PROVISIONS

_________________

Primary;

regular;

extraordinary;

Express survey.

Purpose and objectives of the survey;

1.14. The technical basis for conducting an energy audit in district heating systems are:

Design and executive documentation for boiler houses, heating networks, pumping substations in heating networks and heating points;

Operational documentation (mode maps developed for each boiler based on the results of operational and commissioning tests of these boilers, approved temperature charts for regulating heat load, piezometric charts, information on heat load by type of heat consumption);

Statistical information for the year preceding the year of the energy audit (production and supply of thermal energy during the year, fuel costs at the same time, heat carrier and make-up water consumption, available pressure at the nodal points of heat networks, outdoor air and heat carrier temperature in the supply and return pipelines of heat networks at the outlets of boiler houses, soil temperature at a depth corresponding to the location of the axis of pipelines of heating networks, etc.);

The results of conducting and processing the results of testing heat networks to determine heat losses by heat transfer through the thermal insulation of pipelines, as well as their main hydraulic characteristics;

Information on the designs of pipelines of heat networks by types of their laying and types of insulating materials used, as well as on the service life of individual sections of heat networks;

Information on equipping the heat supply system with metering devices for supplied and consumed heat energy and coolant;

Materials for the development of energy characteristics of thermal networks (heat supply systems);

Information about the frequency and nature of damage to heating networks and equipment.

1.15. The technical basis for conducting an energy audit in power supply systems are:

Design and executive documentation for air and cable electrical networks, substations and other structures;

Operational documentation;

Statistical information for the year preceding the year of the energy survey (balance of electrical energy; amount of losses by elements; compensation of reactive energy; indicators of the quality of electrical energy);

Information on the types of laying and types of conductor materials, as well as on the terms of operation of individual sections of electrical networks;

Information on equipping the power supply system with metering devices for supplied and consumed electrical energy;

Information about the frequency and nature of damage to electrical networks and equipment.

1.16. The technical program and methodology must be agreed with the state energy supervision authority before the start of the energy audit.

1.17. Based on the results of the survey, a technical report is drawn up with conclusions and measures to improve the energy efficiency of the energy supply system.

1.18. The technical report on the conducted energy audit, conclusions and measures to improve the energy efficiency of the surveyed district heating system or part of it (heating boilers; heat networks) are submitted to the surveyed organization.

Within ten days after the signing of the inspection report, energy passports (appendices 3, 4, 5 to this Methodology) are transferred to the state energy supervision body at the location of the surveyed energy organization.

Approximate form of the fuel and energy balance

Components of the energy balance	Designation	Meaning	Definition method
Heat of burned fuel	Q		B×7
Heat loss in boilers	DQ K		(100-h br) B × 7 × 10 -2
Thermal energy consumption for own needs in the boiler house	Qch		According to the reporting data and the results of the energy survey
Losses of thermal energy through the insulation of pipelines and network heaters	DQ of		According to reference data of specific losses and radiation area
The cost of thermal energy in the preparation of softened water to feed the heating network	Q xbo		According to the "Method of calculating heat consumption for the technological needs of water treatment plants" RD 153-34.1-37.530-98
Thermal energy supply	Q otp		According to reporting data
Unbalance (unaccounted for losses, error in accounting for parameters)	H b		Q-DQ K - Q ch - DQ of - Q xbo -Q otp

Registration of the results of the energy audit of communal heating boiler houses

2.6.1. Based on the results of the energy audit, the organization that conducted it draws up a technical report, the content of which depends on the type of energy audit conducted.

2.6.2. When conducting an initial energy audit, the technical report should reflect:

- the purpose and objectives of the energy survey, its type;

- the program of the energy audit;

- a brief description of the main and auxiliary equipment of the boiler house, the conditions for fuel and water supply, the operating modes of the boiler house;

- assessment of the state of technical accounting, reporting, standardization and analysis of fuel consumption indicators;

- the results of the assessment of the energy-saving potential, the reasons for the identified violations in the use of fuel and energy resources, the available reserves;

- increased energy costs due to non-compliance with equipment performance indicators. regulatory level;

- implementation of measures to implement the reserves of thermal efficiency of equipment;

- energy efficiency of the elements of the technological scheme of the boiler house - boiler equipment, chemical, electrical, fuel and transport, buildings and structures;

- fuel and energy balance;

- energy losses due to non-optimal thermal scheme, modes of operation of the units;

2.6.3. Depending on the type of energy audit, the content of the technical report varies. The fuel and energy balance is drawn up based on the results of each type of energy audit.

2.6.4. The energy passport is drawn up during the pre-operational (pre-operational) energy inspection and is specified during the initial and other types of inspections. The form of the energy passport of the surveyed enterprise or boiler house is given in Appendix 3.

2.6.5. Measures that increase the efficiency of the use of energy resources should be developed for all types of energy audits. The assessment of environmental safety, the volume of financing and economic efficiency of measures is carried out according to the industry methods and standards in force at the time of the survey.

ANNEX 1

SCROLL
REGULATORY AND TECHNICAL DOCUMENTS RECOMMENDED FOR USE IN CARRYING OUT ENERGY SURVEYS OF PUBLIC ENERGY SUPPLY SYSTEMS

1. Rules for conducting energy audits of organizations, Ministry of Fuel and Energy of Russia 25.03.98; M.: 1998.

2. Rules for accounting for thermal energy and heat carrier, Ministry of Fuel and Energy of Russia 12.09.95; M.: MPEI, 1995.

3. Recommendations on the organization of metering of thermal energy and heat carriers at enterprises, in institutions and organizations of housing and communal services and the public sector, Gosstroy of Russia 11.10.99; M.: ANO "SPRINT", 1999.

4. Methodology for determining the amount of thermal energy and heat carrier in water systems of public heating, Gosstroy of Russia 06.05.00; M .: "Print Center", 2000.

5. Rules for the technical operation of communal heating boiler houses, Ministry of Construction of Russia 11.11.92; M.: NPO OBT, 1992.

6 Rules for the technical operation of thermal power plants, Ministry of Energy 24.03.03; Moscow: Energoservis, 1992.

7. Typical instruction for the technical operation of heating networks of public heating systems, Gosstroy of Russia 13.12.00; M.: 000 "Soprotek-11", 2001.

8. Guidelines for determining the cost of fuel, electricity and water for heat generation by heating boiler houses of communal heat and power enterprises. Committee of the Russian Federation for Municipal Economy 22.02.94; M.: CITY AKH, 1994

9. SNiP 2.04.14-88. Thermal insulation of equipment and pipelines. Moscow: Gosstroy USSR, 1989.

10. SNiP 2.04.07-86* Heat networks, M.: Minstroy Rossii, 1996.

11. SP 41-101-95. Design of heat points, M.: Minstroy of Russia, 1997.

12. Guidelines for testing water heating networks for the calculated temperature of the coolant (MU 34-70-150-86), M .: SPO Soyuztekhenergo, 1987.

13. Guidelines for testing network pumps, M.: SPO Soyuztekhenergo, 1982.

14. Guidelines for testing the thermal insulation of equipment and pipelines of thermal power plants (MU 34-70-184-87), M: SPO Soyuztekhenergo, 1988.

15. Guidelines for determining heat losses in water heating networks (RD 34.09.255-97), M: SPO ORGRES, 1998.

16. Guidelines for testing water heating networks for hydraulic losses (RD 34.20.519-97), M .: SPO ORGRES, 1998.

18. Rules for accounting for electrical energy, M .: Glavgosenergonadzor of Russia, JSC Energoservice, 1997.

19. Standard instruction for accounting for electricity during its production, transmission and distribution (RD 34.09.101-94) - Rules for accounting for electric energy, M: Glavgosenergonadzor of Russia, Energoservice JSC, 1997.

20. Guidelines for determining the measurement error of active electricity during its production and distribution (RD 34.11.325-90), M: SPO ORGRES, 1991.

21. Instructions for the design of urban electrical networks (RD 34.20.185-94 with the addition of section 2), M .: Energoatomizdat, 1995.

22. Methodological recommendations for determining the loss of electrical energy in urban electrical networks with a voltage of 10 (6) -0.4 kV. The main organizational and technical measures to reduce the loss of electrical energy; M.: ANO "S.Print", 2001.

23. Guidance material on reactive power compensation and the quality of electrical energy, Glavgosenergonadzor 14.05.91; Moscow: Glavgosenergonadzor, 1991.

24. GOST 13109-97 “Electric energy. Compatibility of technical means is electromagnetic. Standards for the quality of electrical energy in general-purpose power supply systems”; Publishing house of standards, 1998.

25. Collection of regulatory and methodological documents on measurements, commercial and technical accounting of electrical energy and power; M: Publishing House of NTsENAS, 1998.

27. Instructions for reducing the technological consumption of electrical energy for transmission through electrical networks of power systems and power associations; M.: SPO Soyuztekhenergo, 1987.

28. Guidelines for conducting an energy resource audit in housing and communal services, Gosstroy of Russia 18.04.01.

29. Energy audit of industrial and municipal enterprises. Tutorial. B.P. Varnavsky, A.I. Kolesnikov, M.N. Fedorov; M.: Publishing house ASEM, 1999.

APPENDIX 2

Instruments used for energy audits must meet the following requirements:

Ensuring the possibility of carrying out measurements without inserting into the system under examination and stopping the operating equipment;

Compactness, lightness, reliability, transportability;

Convenience and simplicity in work;

Versatility, reliability, accuracy and protection from external influences;

Ensuring the registration of measured indicators offline with the transfer of the collected information in a form convenient for computer processing.

EXAMPLE SET OF INSTRUMENTS

A. ELECTRIC METERING INSTRUMENTS

1 Three-phase active energy meters.

2. Portable electrical analyzers.

B. HEAT ENGINEERING INSTRUMENTS

1. Ultrasonic flow meter.

2. Electronic data collection device.

3. Ultrasonic thickness gauge.

4. Electronic flue gas analyzers.

5. Infrared thermometer, portable thermal imaging system.

6. Thermal anemometer.

7. Instruments for measuring temperature and air humidity.

8. Contact digital thermometer for measuring temperatures using contact temperature sensors.

9. Acoustic ultrasonic flaw detector (leak detector).

10. Acoustic portable leak detector.

11. Tachometer.

12. Luxmeter.

13. Autonomous measuring recorder of liquid and gas pressure.

APPENDIX 3

Surveyed enterprise

_____

Director

__________________________________________________________________________________

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ENTERPRISE

Fuel mode

The body that established the fuel regime ___________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

name, permit number, date of issue

The volume of permitted fuel use:

gas - _____ thousand m cube

coal - _____ thousand tons

fuel oil - _____ thousand tons

_____________________________________________________________________________

Reserve fuel

_____________________________________________________________________________

name, storage capacity

Technological reservation for gas _______________________ thousand m cube

Main grades of combustible fuel and main suppliers ____________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

Brief description of the reasons for the operation of the main equipment on non-design types of fuel ________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________

Dynamics and structure of equivalent fuel consumption at the time of drawing up the passport and for the previous 2 years by type of fuel:

The average cost of fuel by type at the time the passport was drawn up and for the previous 2 years

Indicators of specific fuel consumption at the time of drawing up the passport and for the previous 2 years (tu.t./Gk al)

APPENDIX 4

Heat balance (Gcal)

APPENDIX 5

Surveyed enterprise

_____________________________________________________________________________

legal form and name

_____________________________________________________________________________________________

address, telephone, fax, e-mail

Director_____________________________________________________________________

surname, name, patronymic signature date

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ENTERPRISE

ORDER

10.06.2003 № 202

Moscow

In order to further implement the subprogram "Reforming and Modernizing the Housing and Communal Complex of the Russian Federation" of the federal target program "Housing" for 2002-2010, approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of November 17, 2001 No. 797, and developing the methodological base - energy saving, I order:

2. Recommend that the heads of the housing and communal services management bodies of the administrations of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and administrations of municipalities, utility energy enterprises, when organizing energy audits of communal energy supply systems, developing specific programs for their implementation, be guided by the Methodological recommendations approved by this order and standard programs.

3. When conducting the All-Russian competition for the best organization, enterprise in the sphere of housing and communal services on the efficiency of work in the new economic conditions in 2003, the Office of Public Energy and Urban Economy of the Gosstroy of Russia (Yu.V. Serkovsky) should take into account the results of energy audits of public energy supply systems.

4. To impose control over the execution of this order on the adviser to the chairman of the Gosstroy of Russia L.V. Ginzburg.

Chairman N.P. Nightmare

1. GENERAL PROVISIONS 2. ENERGY SURVEYS OF PUBLIC HEATING BOILERS 2.1. Primary, regular, extraordinary examinations and express examinations 2.2. Definition of energy saving potential 2.3. Assessment of the state of technical accounting and reporting, standardization and analysis of fuel use indicators 2.4. Analysis of the state of the equipment, the efficiency of the elements of the technological scheme An approximate form of the fuel and energy balance 2.5. Development of measures to implement the identified energy saving potential 2.6. Registration of the results of the energy inspection of communal heating boiler houses 3. ENERGY SURVEYS OF HEAT NETWORKS AND HEAT POINTS 3.1. Composition of indicators for evaluating the efficiency of functioning of heat networks and heat points 3.2. Composition and main stages of work during energy inspections of heating networks and heating points 4. ENERGY SURVEYS OF ELECTRIC NETWORKS 4.1. Primary, regular, extraordinary examinations and express examinations 4.2. Development of measures to implement the identified energy saving potential FOR USE IN ENERGY SURVEYS PASSPORT OF HEAT POWER ENTERPRISE (HEAT NETWORKS) APPENDIX 5 ENERGY PASSPORT OF ELECTRIC POWER ENTERPRISE

GENERAL PROVISIONS

1.1. Methodological recommendations and standard programs for energy audits of public utility power supply systems (hereinafter referred to as the Recommendations) were developed in order to improve the regulatory and methodological support for the implementation of the Guidelines and the mechanism for energy saving in the housing and communal services of the Russian Federation, approved by the decision of the Government Commission on Reforming the Housing and Communal Services of the Russian Federation Federation (Minutes of March 20, 1998 No. 3).

1.3. These Recommendations cover heating boiler houses and heat networks of district heating systems * (hereinafter referred to as heat supply systems) and electrical networks and network facilities of public electricity supply systems.**

1.4. Evaluation of the efficiency of thermal energy production by heating communal boiler houses, transmission and distribution of thermal and electrical energy between consumers, carried out as a result of energy audits, provides for:

- determination of the actual values of the performance indicators of boiler houses, heat and power networks;

- comparison of the actual values of performance indicators with their normative (calculated) values;

- identification and analysis of the reasons for the discrepancy between the actual values of indicators and their standard (calculated) values;

- development of proposals to eliminate the identified deficiencies.

_________________

* public heat supply system - a set of heat sources and (or) heat networks of a city (district, quarter), another settlement, combined by a common production process, operated by a heat and power organization of a housing and communal complex that has received appropriate special permits (licenses) in the prescribed manner.

**communal power supply system - a set of electrical networks and structures united by a common production process, as well as sources of electrical energy operated by an electric power organization of a housing and communal complex that has received appropriate special permits (licenses) in the prescribed manner.

1.5. Based on the materials of energy surveys, the following are performed:

- assessment of the rationality of fuel, heat and electricity consumption:

- analysis of the reasons for the identified irrational use of fuel, heat and electricity;

- development of proposals and measures to improve the energy efficiency of the energy supply system.

1.6. Energy audits of organizations are divided according to the timing and volume into the following:

Primary;

regular;

extraordinary;

Express survey.

1.7. Primary (full) surveys are carried out in order to assess the energy efficiency of the energy supply system during operation with the simultaneous identification of the compliance of the installation and commissioning works with the projects, as well as the energy efficiency indicators provided for by regulatory and technical documents on completed boiler houses, heat and electric networks, or after their reconstruction and modernization.

1.8. Primary (full) surveys to assess the energy efficiency of the energy supply system are carried out after the start of operation, within the timeframe agreed with the State Energy Supervision authorities.

1.9. Regular (complete) surveys are carried out to assess changes in the energy efficiency of systems, reduce energy costs, as well as verify the completeness and correctness of the implementation of previously developed recommendations and measures within the time limits established by the administration of the organization in agreement with the State Energy Supervision authorities, determined by the current legislation.

1.10. Extraordinary inspections are carried out at the initiative of the administration of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation or a municipality or at the request of the State Energy Supervision Authority of the relevant region, if energy consumption has sharply increased, in particular, the cost of electricity for the transport of the coolant, the loss of thermal energy and coolant, the loss of electrical energy, etc.

1.11. Express surveys are carried out on individual indicators of the functioning of energy supply systems, types of energy resources or equipment, as a rule, without portable instrumentation.

1.12. An energy audit of a specific energy supply system is carried out according to the technical program and methodology developed on the basis of these Recommendations.

The technical program and methods are developed by the organization conducting the survey, taking into account the peculiarities of the technological schemes of the surveyed power supply systems and their equipment.

When developing a technical program and in the process of conducting an energy audit, the results of previously conducted operational and adjustment tests, adjustment work, scheduled tests, development of energy characteristics (indicators of system functioning), as well as information from industry statistical reporting, should be used.

1.13. The technical program must contain:

Type of energy inspection;

Purpose and objectives of the survey;

The timing of the survey;

List of equipment (objects) to be inspected;

The composition of the design, executive and operational documentation necessary for the survey;

Characteristics to be determined during the survey;

The estimated period of operation of the heat supply system, according to which the indicated characteristics are to be determined;

List of normative and technical documents that form the basis of the energy audit;

List of measuring instruments and technical devices used during the survey (recommended list - Appendix 2);

List of persons responsible for conducting the energy survey - representatives of the organization operating the energy supply system being surveyed, and the organization conducting the survey;

List of documentation drawn up based on the results of the energy audit.

1.14. The technical basis for conducting an energy audit in district heating systems are.

Design and executive documentation for boiler houses, heating networks, pumping substations in heating networks and heating points;

Operational documentation (mode maps developed for each boiler based on the results of operational and commissioning tests of these boilers, approved temperature charts for regulating the heat load, piezometric charts, information on the heat load by type of heat consumption, as well as by individual consumers of thermal energy (heating points, etc.) .);

Information on the designs of pipelines of heating networks by types of their laying and types of insulating materials used, the technical condition of the insulation of pipelines in order to assess its replacement in individual sections, as well as on the service life of individual sections of heating networks;

Information on equipping the heat supply system with metering devices for supplied and consumed heat energy and coolant;

Materials for the development of energy characteristics of thermal networks (heat supply systems);

Information about the frequency and nature of damage to heating networks and equipment.

1.15. The technical basis for conducting an energy audit in power supply systems are:

Design and executive documentation for air and cable electrical networks, substations and other structures;

Operational documentation;

Information on the types of laying and the terms of operation of individual sections of electrical networks;

Information on equipping the power supply system with metering devices for supplied and consumed electrical energy;

Information about the frequency and nature of damage to electrical networks and equipment.

1.16. The technical program and methodology must be agreed with the state energy supervision authority before the start of the energy audit.

1.17. Based on the results of the survey, a technical report is drawn up with conclusions and measures to improve the energy efficiency of the energy supply system.

2. ENERGY SURVEYS OF UTILITIES

HEATING BOILERS

The survey can be of a complex nature, in which indicators are identified and analyzed both for the heat supply enterprise as a whole and for its individual boiler houses.

Heating boiler houses with an annual consumption of fuel and energy resources reduced to standard fuel, 6 thousand or more tons of standard fuel (tce) are examined, as a rule, in the full scope of the energy survey; low-capacity boiler houses (up to 6,000 tce per year) can be surveyed according to a reduced program as part of the survey of the enterprise as a whole.

Below are indicators characterizing the energy efficiency of communal heating boiler houses, and methods for determining them during energy surveys.

2.1. Primary, regular, extraordinary examinations and express examinations

2.1.1. To assess the efficiency of fuel and energy use during the survey, the indicator of specific energy efficiency losses during the heat supply of the boiler house (D B sweat), determined by the formula:

, kgce/Gcal (1)

where D B er, D B rivers and D B Uch - the values of the possible reduction in the consumption of standard fuel for the year, tce, due to, respectively:

Increasing the level of operation and repair of equipment;

Reconstruction and modernization of equipment elements;

Improving technical accounting and reporting, energy analysis, strengthening claims work with fuel suppliers;

Q otp - supply of thermal energy, Gcal.

D value B sweat characterizes the fuel equivalent of the energy saving potential identified during the survey D B en.sb in terms of conventional fuel:

D B en.sb = D B sweat Q otp 10 - 3, t c.f. (2)

2.1.2. Value D B er is calculated on the basis of reporting data for the last calendar year.

2.1.3. D value B er in terms of standard fuel, corresponds to the excess of the actual specific fuel consumption for the supplied thermal energy B dep above nominal value B otp(nom) :

D B er = ( B otp - B dep(nom)) Q otp 10 - 3, kgce/Gcal (3)

The nominal values of the specific fuel consumption reflect the minimum level of energy costs for a particular boiler house for the supply of thermal energy to consumers in the absence of omissions in the maintenance and repair of equipment and with the actual for the reporting period:

Composition of working boilers;

The values of external factors that do not depend on the activities of the operating and maintenance personnel (the structure and quality of the burned fuel, the temperature of the water in the source of water supply and outdoor air, etc.).

When developing normative and technical documentation for heat use (NTD TI), the average annual value of the reserve of thermal efficiency for the supply of thermal energy is determined and specific targeted measures are developed for their implementation, as a rule, in full during the period of validity of the documentation.

Energy efficiency loss components D B i; are calculated on the basis of an assessment of the impact on the efficiency of fuel use of deviations of the following actual performance indicators of the units from the standard values:

Gross efficiency of the boiler (boiler plant);

excess air coefficient;

Air suction to the combustion chamber, convective shaft, gas ducts of boilers;

Flue gas temperature behind the last heating surface of the convection shaft (before the smoke exhauster);

Electricity costs for auxiliary mechanisms (boiler feed pumps, blowers, smoke exhausters);

Thermal energy consumption for own needs (fuel oil facilities, defrosting device, calorific unit, heating and ventilation of industrial buildings and structures).

D values B i characterize the directions for the implementation of reserves for increasing the energy efficiency of the boiler house. Sample form to fill out when analyzing indicator D B er and its components D B i, is given in Appendix 2.

In the absence of a boiler room approved by the NTD, TI, it is allowed to use information from regime cards, according to design data, and the results of express tests.

2.1.4. D value B rivers is accepted according to the project for the reconstruction of the unit (node).

2.1.5. The effect of implementing recommendations to improve technical accounting D B uch is taken by expert evaluation. If the recommendations relate to improving claims handling with fuel suppliers, D B uch is numerically equal to the value of its underload.

2.2. Determination of energy saving potential

The energy saving potential of the boiler house is determined in the following areas:

Analysis of the equipment composition, fuel and water supply conditions;

Assessment of the state of technical accounting and reporting, standardization and analysis of fuel consumption indicators;

Analysis of the state of the equipment, the efficiency of the elements of the technological scheme, its features and analysis of the optimality of the thermal scheme;

Analysis of the implementation of measures to implement the reserves of thermal efficiency;

Compilation of the fuel and energy balance of the boiler house, analysis of the operation and modes of heat supply of the boiler house in accordance with regime maps in the base year (previous year of the survey) and the current heating period.

2.2.1. Analysis of the composition of equipment, conditions of fuel and water supply, features of the thermal scheme.

The following questions are addressed in this section of the program.

2.2.1.1. The composition of the main and auxiliary equipment, table 1;

Main and auxiliary equipment of _________________________ boiler house

and its brief technical characteristics

Table 1

Boiler parameters

Design fuel

smoke exhausters

Blow fans

Network pumps

Boiler station number

Type, brand

Year of commissioning

manufacturer

Productivity t/h of steam, Gcal/h

Pressure, kgf / cm 2

Temperature, °C

Swimming pool brand

Consumption per boiler, t/h

Quantity

Productivity, m 3 / h

power, kWt

Quantity

Productivity, m 3 / h

power, kWt

Quantity

Productivity, m 3 / h

power, kWt

Filter type

Quantity

Productivity, m 3 / h

Energy audit of heat supply systems. About some aspects

Features of energy audit of boiler houses

Stages of an energy audit

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