Marine dictionary. Some nautical terms found in the book

• - dumping or coupling of ships side by side for hand-to-hand combat. Tactical technique from the times of the sailing fleet
• - ships advanced from the main forces towards the enemy
• - part of the water space of a port or harbor intended for the parking of ships awaiting their turn to enter the port itself for loading or unloading at the berth line by port facilities. If there is a large concentration of ships in the port, they are loaded and unloaded in the outport using lighters, scows, and other floating equipment
• - significant damage to the ship itself or its combat or technical equipment
• - a ship attached to the squadron, intended for messenger and reconnaissance services
• - work on a ship in which all or a significant part of the personnel takes part simultaneously
• - person of the highest command of the fleet. In Russia there were three admiral ranks: admiral, vice admiral and rear admiral. In most other states the number of admiral ranks is the same. But in England there are four, in France there are two
• - a flag hoisted from the mast of the ship on which the admiral is located
• - a hole in the turret or in the gun shield for the muzzle of the gun to exit out
• - strait of the English Channel
• - a barrel of one, two, three buckets or more, used for wine, vinegar, etc., as well as for water ballast on boats
• - constant air currents in the high layers of the atmosphere in tropical latitudes, moving on top of the trade winds in the opposite direction
• — translated from Spanish: fleets, squadrons. The word has become famous since it referred to the expedition of King Philip II to England in 1588, called the Invincible Armada. The expedition ended in the complete defeat of the Spaniards. In its modern meaning, armada has become a common noun - this is now the name given to any poorly organized and poorly trained squadron (formation, fleet)
• - an area of ​​the sea containing many islands
• - ships covering a fleet or squadron from behind during a march
• is a flat, low-lying, ring-shaped coral island containing a shallow lake called a lagoon. The lagoon communicates with the ocean by one or more straits
• - a cellar on the ship for storing wet provisions, as well as wine and vinegar
• - steel cable holding the mast from the stern of the yacht
• - a vertical beam that forms the aft end of the ship’s keel. The rudder is suspended from the sternpost

• - bow part of the deck from the stem to the foremast
• - a floating sign indicating shoals, sunken ships, etc.
• — 1. the ship’s heading, forming an angle of more than 90 degrees and less than 180 degrees with the direction of the tailwind.
  2. stanchion supporting the mast to the sides and back to the stern
• - a number indicating the strength of the wind or wave on some scale. According to our Beaufort scale, wind strength is indicated from 0 (complete calm) to 12 (hurricane wind), and waves - from 0 to 9
• — 1. a bench on a boat 2. stranded in the sea in deep water
• - a ship transporting bulk cargo (ore, grain...)
• - a weight placed at the bottom of a ship or in its unfilled tanks to give the ship the necessary stability
• - shaft for rotating the rudder blade
• - a cylindrical fur brush on a long shaft, which was used to extinguish the remains of a smoldering cap and clean - ban - a cannon
• - a transverse sandy underwater shoal washed up by a river as it flows into the sea
• - a three- or four-masted sailing ship with a dry stern mast, that is, armed only with oblique sails. The remaining masts carry straight sails
• - otherwise, a schooner-barque, a sea sailing vessel with three or more masts, carrying straight sails on the foremast, and slanting sails on the rest
• - a measure of volume and capacity used only in the USA and England. In the USA, a distinction is made between a barrel of bulk solids, containing 119.24 liters, and an oil barrel, equal to 158.76 liters.
• - the largest boat, having from 14 to 22 oars and sailing equipment, served for transporting a large number of crew members, heavy weapons and landing troops
• - head of the quartermaster's unit
• - the next of the decks going below the top, the middle artillery is installed on it. The cartridge arbor is used to supply cartridges from the cartridge magazines to the guns. In the cartridge magazines, shells and cartridges, stored in special metal pavilions suspended on rails, roll to the elevator, rise in it together with the pavilion into the gun turret, or can be transported to any gun of the battery
• - ring the ship's bell for the required number of bells
• - the course of a sailing ship that forms an angle of less than 90 degrees with the direction of the headwind
• - dressing, connecting two cables with a thinner end. There are several types of benzels
• - a yacht carrying only triangular sails. Borrowed from the Bermudians
• - lower, oblique sail, placed on the mizzen mast
• - the rear mast of ships with three or more masts is usually the smallest. An exception is two-masted (sometimes called one-and-a-half-mast) ships rigged with an yol or ketch, in which the stern mast is called a mizzen mast.
• - beams or steel beams laid across the ship at the ends of the ropes and serving as the base of the deck
• - a rack on a ship intended for mooring
• - sail under bowsprit
• - a securely armored room where all ship control is concentrated during battle
• — devices for hanging boats
• - a word added to all sails, rigging, spars and rigging belonging to the topmast
• - fourth from the bottom yard on the mast
• - (flying jib) the third triangular sail from the mast, the tack corner (lower forward corner) of which is attached to the jib
• - space on the ship for storing shells
• - the topmost sail on the main or foremast
• - a spar tree that serves as an upward extension of the topmast
• Bon— a floating barrier made of logs, barrels or iron boxes connected to each other by chains or cables; serves to protect the fleet's anchorage from attacks by enemy destroyers, submarines and speedboats
• - in ancient Greek mythology, a deity personifying the north wind
• - senior non-commissioned officer in charge of ship operations
• - boatswain's mate
• Barrel- a metal hermetically sealed float anchored in a harbor or roadstead, to which ships are placed
• - a straight sail raised on a topmast above the topsail
• - a spar that serves as an upward extension of the topmast
• - old, outdated ships that were filled with flammable material and launched from the windward side towards enemy ships
• - a ship in a roadstead or harbor watching for incoming ships
• - rotate it in a horizontal plane using braces
• - running rigging gear attached to the ends of the yards and used to rotate them together with the sails in a horizontal plane
• - reduce sail area
• - anchor machine with a horizontal shaft for lifting anchors
• - type of naval flag
• - a wide pennant, raised on ships as a sign of the presence of persons of the imperial family, the Minister of the Navy, the chief commander of the port or the head of a detachment of ships who do not have the rank of admiral
• - a two-masted sailing ship with straight sails, armed with 16-28 guns
• - a fast two-masted vessel carrying straight sails on the foremast and oblique sails on the mainmast
• - wind blowing due to uneven heating of the sea and land during the day from the sea, in the evening at sea
• - a ship protected by thick side and deck armor, armed with powerful artillery and several mine (torpedo) tubes
• - specially made steel plates that were attached to the sides of the battleship for protection from shells
• Trouser- a thick cable with which the cannon was attached to the side walls of the cannon ports
• - a metal shackle placed on some spar trees to secure them. or used for attaching parts of rigging to them
• - a floating sign in the form of a cylindrical float with an openwork superlayer, installed on an anchor to fence off places dangerous for navigation
• - a cable with which the ship is towed; steamship used to tow ships
• - thickening in the underwater part of the vessel’s bow, facilitating better water flow around the hull
• - waves with foamy crests over underwater rocks
• - a horizontal or inclined spar that projects from the bow of the ship. Serves to extend the stays supporting the mast and topmasts and attach the bow triangular sails - staysails and jibs
• rope or tackle- rope or tackle, folded in circles; small bay

• - parts of standing rigging that strengthen masts, topmasts and topmasts
• - a bracket or plate with holes on the mast for attaching the cables
• - one of the elements of the deck structure
• - a curve obtained when the surface of the ship’s hull intersects a horizontal plane corresponding to the water level
• - standing rigging tackle
• - comes from the German word “wachen” - to stand guard, a special type of duty on a ship, for which a part of the personnel is allocated. Watches are also called certain periods of time during which this service is carried out in one shift. In this sense, the day on ships is divided into five watches: from noon to 18 o'clock, from 18 o'clock to 24 o'clock, from 0 o'clock to 4 o'clock in the morning, from 4 am to 8 am, from 8 am to 12 noon. People who have been relieved from a watch are called watchmen
• - a cord book in which all events from the life of the ship and the persons sailing on it, cases of relations with other ships and, in general, all the circumstances of the voyage are recorded: course, direction and wind strength, course, roll, temperature of water and air, weather conditions of the sea and sky, number of revolutions of the machine, etc. d. The log is signed by the watch commander
• — the officer in charge of the watch, the entire watch crew is subordinate to him. During the entire period of his watch, the watch commander is responsible for the safety of the ship, for maintaining it in constant repair, for maintaining order, for fulfilling all orders of the commander and senior officer (assistant commander of the ship)
• — a light five- to six-month swing boat; depending on the purpose for which it serves, it is called an admiral captain's or rescue whaleboat
• - auxiliary ship anchor weighing about 1/3 of the dead weight. It is used in various cases: to help anchors during a storm, carried on a boat when pulling a ship aground, etc.
• - move the ship by bringing in an anchor (werp) on a boat and pulling the ship towards this anchor
• - device for connecting the boom to the mast
• - a place where ships are built on the seashore of a lake or river
• - the upper platform or floor on a ship, its bow part is called the forecastle, then follows the waist, then - the quarterdeck and finally the aft part of the upper deck is called the poop
• — west
• - dayman on the ships of the royal fleet
• - it becomes steeper, it comes in - it becomes more favorable
• - protruding part on the gun treasury
• - remove the sails
• - slow down the spire
• — the volume of water displaced by the vessel. The weight of this volume is equal to the weight of the ship
• - an artificial stone wall protecting the roadstead from waves coming from the sea
• - a platform on the mast or a barrel attached to it, serving as an observation post
• Vorsa- pieces of hemp rope, loosened into strands and heels
• - pull, pull up
• - cable steps
• - a wooden lever used to rotate the spire
• - a long narrow flag with braids, hoisted on a topmast, raised on ships from the beginning of the campaign and lowered at its end

• Gabara- a small medieval sailing ship
• - part of the roadstead, naturally or artificially protected from wind and waves and providing a convenient anchorage for ships
• Huck- iron or steel hook
• - the upper rounded part of the stern end of the vessel
• - white fire, which is kept on the tailboard
• - a type of military rowing vessel that appeared in the Mediterranean Sea around the seventh century BC. e. It had one row of oars, its stem was armed with a long underwater ram. The culminating moment in the history of the “modern” galley is the Battle of Lepanto on October 7, 1571 between the fleets of Spain and Venice on the one hand and Turkey on the other, when 200 Spanish and Venetian galleys under the leadership of John of Austria defeated 273 Turkish galleys, forever ridding the Mediterranean of Turkish dominion
• - a large, up to 80 meters in length, military or merchant sailing and oaring vessel. galley-like
• Galerniki- convicts serving their sentences in the old days on galleys (rowing) ships; worked at the oars, galleymen were sometimes chained to their places
• - a large sea vessel that had four large and one powerful inclined mast. Huge, lumbering, slow-moving galleons transporting New World treasures to Spain have been a tasty prey for the British since the days of Francis Drake and Thomas Cavendish
• - a small sailing vessel with a carrying capacity of up to 100 tons. Carries two masts and slanting sails
• — the ship's course relative to the wind. If the wind blows to the left side, the ship moves on a left tack; if it blows to the right side, on a starboard tack.
• - ship's course
• - specialist assigned to maintain artillery electrical equipment
• - a latrine on a ship
• - lever for lifting weights
• - device for hoisting sails
• - graduate of the naval cadet corps in the Russian fleet
• - an inclined spar tree, one end resting against the mast at the rear; at the other end, the stern flag is raised while moving. The lower sail of the gaff (heel) is held at the mast by mustaches (in the form of a grip). rises and falls with the help of running rigging gear - a gaff-gardel, secured by the heel, and a dirik-halyard, secured by the nock (the upper end of the gaff)
• Gaff weapons- a type of sailing rig when the sails are attached to the gaff
• - Ancient Greek name for Dardanelles
• Genoa staysail- triangular sail at the bow of the ship
• - a spar, movably fastened with a mustache or swivel to a mast. Serves to stretch the lower leech (edge) of the sail, the upper leech of which is laced to the gaff (if the sail in this case is trapezoidal)
• — electromechanical compass, free from the influence of iron on board
• - running rigging gear used for cleaning sails
• - command boat
• - third deck from the bottom on large ships
• - to go to the naked Hans - to drown - a slang expression in the German navy
• Croakers- thick wide iron strips that cover the trunnions of guns so that the latter do not jump out of the trunnion sockets when fired
• - tackle passing through one single-pulley block
• Neck- a round or oval hole used for access to holds, tanks, etc. Closed with a waterproof lid
• - an ancient device for determining the angle between the horizon and luminaries. Looks like a small mast with yards. also called "Jacob's staff"
• — 1. the lower straight sail on the mainmast 2. an integral part of the names of the sails, spar and rigging located above the top of the mainmast
• Main geek- a movable wooden beam horizontally attached to the bottom of the mainmast to which the lower part of the oblique sail is attached
• - an integral part of the names of all sails, spars and rigging belonging to the mainmast below the top
• - the second mast of the ship, counting from the bow
• - the lowest yard on the mainmast
• - a triangular sail, which on large ships is placed on the mainmast
• - a two- or three-masted ship of the 16th-17th centuries, used as a military transport
• - a special flag that hoists on the bow of a warship of the 1st and 2nd ranks at anchor.

• Rangefinder- a device for measuring distance
• Double bottom- (or internal). Done on almost all military ships and on large commercial ships. Serves to protect against the consequences of bottom holes, as well as to increase the strength of the hull. The space between the inner bottom and the outer one is called double-bottom and is divided by impenetrable longitudinal and transverse partitions into compartments that remain empty or are used for storing fresh water, oil, etc.
• Deviation- deviation of the compass resulting from the influence of the ship's iron on it
• Deadwood- the gap between the keel and the hull skin at the stern and bow. A pipe for the propeller shaft passes through the aft sternwood
• Derrick— load-lifting crane with a rotating boom
• - running rigging tackle with gaff
• Landing- landing of military units or a naval detachment ashore for military operations on the coast
• - Chinese ship
• Disposition— plan for the location of ships for mooring in the roadstead
• Trim- difference in depth between bow and stern
• Doc- a pool that can be drained. Vessels are brought into it for repairs. There are also floating docks.
• Dory- a type of small sailboat common in England
• - deviation of a moving ship from the intended path under the influence of wind, current, strong waves and ice pressure
• - arrange the sails in such a way that the action of the wind on one sail causes the ship to move forward, and the action of the wind on the other makes it move backward. What keeps the ship in place?
• Shot attack- a signal played on a bugle and drum to prepare a ship to repel an attack by destroyers
• Fraction-alarm- a signal that was played before the exercise according to the combat schedule
• Dudka- a whistle used to give signals from the watch. Give a pipe - convey the order of the watch commander throughout the ship, preceded by a signal on the ship. Was assigned to boatswains and non-commissioned officers
• Muzzle plug- a device that protects the gun channel from splashes, dust, etc.
• Dannage— cargo
• Dukong- native fishing boat

• Endova- copper utensils with a spout, in the valley they carried vodka upstairs to distribute to the team
• Eat- a word that replaces fleet answers: okay, I’m listening, I understand

• Bubblegum-tack- a piece of chain of the same thickness as the anchor rope is attached to a butt embedded in the ship’s hull with a bracket called a tack
• Logbook, ship's log- a book for the regular recording of all events occurring on and off the ship, but related to it

• Block- stop the enemy’s maritime communications or isolate his naval forces in any naval theater base
• Batten down- close tightly
• Reef- take reefs, that is, reduce the sail area by tying reef sheets
• Zashanhait- kidnap a person. Derived from the name of the city of Shanghai in China, in the port slums of which kidnapping was especially rampant
• South- south
• Southwest- southwest
• Zagrebnoy- the rower sitting on the boat first from the stern; all others are measured by it
• Ignition hole- located in the breech of the gun, gunpowder is ignited through it when firing
• - reduce the area of ​​the sails with the help of strings (reefs) located in rows on the sails
• Swell- disturbance caused by a distant storm
• - jacket against rain and wind

• - a round window with thick glass on a ship
• Indicator platform- platform between the upper parts of the steam cylinders of the main machine
• Iol- a small two-masted sailing vessel with oblique sails. Iol and the similar ketch are the only ships in which the first mast from the bow is taller and is called the mainmast, and the second small one is called the mizzen mast or sometimes the jigger mast. Compared to single-masted vessels, such as sloops, under some conditions, sailboats are more stable on course in tailwinds and more manageable in handling

• Heeled- hemp thread, strands curl from the heel, and cables from the strands
• Casemate- armored room on board, medium-sized guns are placed in it
• Cabalaring- a sling made of cable. It is carried (wound) around the capstan and the anchor rope is attached to the endless cable thus obtained without carrying it onto the capstan
• - a maritime unit of length equal to 185.2 meters
• - a vessel carrying out transportation along the coast
• Breech, treasury- the back of the gun. Along its outer surface, the gun is divided into two parts: the muzzle - from the front edge of the gun to the trunnions; and the breech - from the trunnions to the rear section. Trunnions are called tides on the sides of the gun, with which it is placed on the machine
• Breech- the rear part of the gun, screwed onto the gun casing
• Caliber— diameter of the gun channel
• - a place for preparing food on the ship
• Rope- 1. anchor chain 2. rope more than thirteen inches in girth
• Gunboat. or gunboat- a small ship for action off the coast and in rivers, with medium-caliber artillery
• Canoe- Indian boat, a light sports vessel with one oar
• Captain 1 rank - and captain of the 2nd rank - ranks of senior command personnel of the fleet, the following ranks are admiral
• Corporal- in the Russian Navy - the nickname of a non-commissioned officer
• Caravel- three-four-masted sea sailing ship (XIV - XVI centuries), mainly Portuguese and Spanish
• - one of the beams in the ship's structure
• - a private individual who has received a patent from the government for the right to arm a ship and seize enemy ships and goods; both the ship itself and its captain were called a privateer
• Karakka- a three-masted ship of the 15-17 centuries, used for military and commercial purposes
• - artillery gun
• - agreement on prisoner exchange
• Kartuz- a bag with a charge of gunpowder for a cannon
• - ten-sixteen-oar boat of light construction
• Mine boat- a small steam ship armed with a torpedo tube. Prototype of destroyers
• Steam boat- a small steam vessel carried aboard warships
• - a common cabin where officers gather
• - living quarters on the ship for officers and passengers
• Kayak- a single-seater boat with a two-bladed oar among the peoples of the north
• - navigation device for measuring the height of celestial bodies
• Quarterdeck- the aft section of the upper deck of a ship, raised by a ledge. On ancient ships, the ship's controls were concentrated on the quarterdeck
• - first non-commissioned officer rank
• Ketch (ketch)- two-masted ship. The front mast (main mast) is high, the second is much smaller (mizzen mast) and is located in front of the rudder head and helmsman. This is how a ketch differs from an iol
• - longitudinal connection on the ship, fastening the frames and the skim and ensuring the longitudinal strength of the ship
• Kingston- any valve used to allow sea water to enter the ship
• Klinnket- a slide valve used to pass water in the hold from one compartment to another
• - main underwater. the longitudinal part of the ship, running in the center plane from bow to stern
• Keelblocks— pick-ups on which ships are installed in a dock or on land
• - formation when the ships go one after another
• - one of the forward oblique sails, placed in front of the foremast
• - a three- or four-masted sailing fast-moving merchant vessel or a three-masted sail-steam military vessel that existed until the end of the 19th century
• - a circle with pulleys at the top of a mast or flagpole
• Hawse- a through hole used to pass cables and anchor ropes
• Clews-sak- an iron lid that seals the fairlead so that during a strong wave, water does not penetrate through it onto the deck
• - vertical metal cabinets. bolted to the deck, used to secure mooring lines or towing lines
• Cogg- a type of merchant sailing ship, common in the 12th - 15th centuries in Northern Europe, in particular in the Hanseatic League
• Bed nets- special chests on the upper deck of the ship in which the bunks were placed
• - ship's cook
• Kokor- a cylindrical bag of gunpowder, used to supply charges from the crus chamber to the guns
• - artilleryman
• Commodore- in England, Holland and the USA - commander of a formation of small ships, rank below rear admiral, as well as commander of a large liner
• Cockpit- aft part of the lowest deck
• Sorcerer- weather vane
• Coaming— border on the deck around the hatch perimeter
• Kondriki- braided or ribbon shoulder patches worn by non-commissioned officers
• Caulk- hemp or cotton, hammered into the grooves and joints of the sheathing to seal them
• -intermediate rank between officer and non-commissioned officer. Close assistant to a specialist officer
• End- any loose tackle of short length
• Contra-tack or contra-course- the ships are heading on opposite courses
• - sail
• - part of the stern
• - the smallest three-masted ship in the navy. Armed with 17 to 30 guns located on the upper deck, it carried the same sail. like a frigate, it is intended for parcels and reconnaissance
• Dirk- a hand weapon like a small dagger, assigned to the commanding staff of the fleet
• - science of navigation
• - ring on a rope
• Combat odds- numbers expressing conditionally the combat qualities of military ships in relation to other ships of the same type
• - a rod with a handle for tightening the rigging of a sailing ship
• Coordinate- the ship sequentially describes two arcs, equal in length and symmetrically located in different directions from the course line
• Stern- the back of the ship is screwed with gear
• Cat— 1. metal hook on a rope. 2. Nine-tailed whip for corporal punishment
• Fender- a bag filled with tow and braided with a thin rope, hung over the side of the ship to protect it from damage when approaching another ship or pier
• Crumball- on sailing ships - a wooden beam attached to the bilge of the ship serves to raise the anchor. On more modern ships it is replaced by an iron beam. The expression “to starboard” or “to port” defines the position of an object visible from the ship in the direction of the starboard
• Karbas- undecked industrial and fishing vessel of the White Sea coast
• Kraspica- a crossbar on the mast for spacing the shrouds and stays holding the mast
• Craiskr yacht- a type of yacht intended for long voyages
• Shrimp- a small sea crayfish from the order Decapods
• - a ship with sufficient seaworthiness, significant speed, weapons and operational areas. Performs reconnaissance and patrol services, guards convoyed transports at sea, lays mines, barriers, and participates in cruising raids
• Bank- tilting the ship on its side from a vertical position
• - clean the bottom of the ship from algae and shells
• - strong wooden rounds that prevent the vessel from coming into direct contact with the embankment wall and thus soften strong impacts
• - a word denoting that part of the spar, rigging and sail, the name of which is preceded by it. Belongs to the mizzenmast above its top
• - a sail hoisted on a topmast
• - a ship's cellar in which gunpowder is stored. Usually located in the underwater part of the ship
• — observation deck on the mizzen mast
• - 1. fourth deck on the ship, counting from the top 2. crew living quarters
• Cupor- ship's cooper
• Well- direction of movement of the vessel relative to the cardinal points or relative to the wind
• - small sailing ship

• Maneuver- sail on a sailing ship in alternating courses (along a broken line)
• - a device for determining the speed of a ship
• Lagoon- a shallow body of water in the middle of an atoll, connected to the sea
• Lag to the wave- position of the ship. perpendicular to the direction of movement of waves or wind (lag to the wind)
• Laiba- a simple large Finnish boat with one or two masts, each with one sail. Previously, these boats were used in the vicinity of St. Petersburg for transporting firewood, hay, etc.
• Liner- a high-speed ocean-going cargo and passenger steamship that makes voyages on a specific line according to a schedule
• Latin sail- a triangular sail, which was laced with its upper luff to a long, composite batten, rising at an angle, that is, its rear corner was raised high, and the front corner was lowered almost to the deck. This is one of the oldest types of sails, which has survived to this day almost unchanged.
• Winch- weight lifting machine
• Lebeza- a tool for hammering caulk into grooves
• Leventik- the position of the sails when they are facing the wind and fluttering
• - a tightly stretched rope with both ends secured. In particular, a railing is a thin steel cable stretched in two or three rows between racks along the side of a ship or on bridges to fence open areas
• Railing fencing- consists of a tightly stretched cable - a handrail, which passes through a hole in the handrail racks, mounted vertically on the deck. Installed on a ship in places without bulwarks
• Lieutenant- second officer rank in the Tsarist Russian Navy
• - ghost sailing ship
• - set the sails in such a way that part of them gives traction forward, part back and the ship is held in place
• League- a maritime unit of length equal to 5.56 km, no longer in use
• - a three-masted warship carrying from 80 to 120 guns and intended for battle in the wake formation
• - a thin cable that covers the edge of the sail
• - thin cable
• - whip
• - sails used to assist straight sails in tailwinds are placed on the sides of these sails on special spar trees - foxtails
• - a small transport vessel, a non-self-propelled sea barge, intended for roadstead and intra-port transportation
• Lloyd- Marine Insurance and Shipping Society in different countries of Europe and America
• Shovel the deck- use a rubber shovel to squeeze out water from a wet deck
• - depth measuring device
• Pilot- part of the science of navigation. It deals with a detailed study of the seas and oceans and serves as a guide on how to navigate the ship's courses along them, avoiding all dangers and adapting to the prevailing winds, currents, shoals and other local conditions, and how to navigate them in the shortest possible time. For this purpose, the sailing directions describe all the seas and oceans, as well as the surrounding shores and the shores of countless islands; Almost everywhere the depths have been explored, and dangerous places are marked with warning signs. Maps have been compiled for all seas on one scale or another. All descriptions of the seas are called navigation manuals. or sailing directions and, together with maps, constitute the main navigation aids
• - pump well
• - specialist in navigating a ship within a difficult and dangerous area for navigation
• Luger sail- oblique sail rising on a retractable topmast
• - fast two-masted vessel
• Luke- hole in the deck for descent

• Main steam pipe- the main steam pipe that receives steam from all the ship's boilers
• Mamerinets— a device for artillery turrets that prevents water and debris from getting into the gap between the armored part of the turret and the deck; starts during a hike when fair weather is expected
• Mars- a platform on the mast at the point of its connection with the topmast
• - a sail that is placed between the top yard and the lower yard (the second trapezoidal sail from the bottom on sailing ships with straight sails)
• Mars- a prefix indicating that the concept following it belongs to maxel or mars-rey
• - the second yard from the bottom, to which the topsail is tied
• — sailors-specialists in rigging work; sailors in the sailing fleet. working on mars
• Marsaflot- an experienced sailor who knows and loves maritime affairs of the sailing period; for some time now it has been pronounced in an ironic sense
• Matelote- a nearby ship in formation
• - a vertical or slightly inclined spar tree installed in the centerline of the ship
• Lighthouse- an artificial structure that serves to determine the position of a ship when sailing near the coast. Typically, a lighthouse is a tower on which a fire is lit at night. On shallows far from the shore or on banks, special vessels with lanterns called floating lighthouses are placed for the same purpose.
• Megaphone- a large speaker used for delivering orders and conversations over a long distance
• nautical mile- a measure of length at sea equal to 1.85 km.
• Self-propelled mine- a steel cigar-shaped projectile 5-8 meters long and 54-55 cm in diameter. One of the main weapons of the navy. It is thrown into the water towards the enemy from a ship from a special torpedo tube. In the water, the torpedo moves at a certain depth under its own power with the help of an engine placed in it that rotates the propellers. The torpedo engine runs on compressed air. When a torpedo collides with a ship, a shell filled with explosives located in the head of the torpedo explodes.
• mine barriers- a metal ball filled with explosives. It is placed in the water at anchor on the routes of ships. When a ship touches a mine, it explodes and destroys the underwater part of the ship's hull
• Miner- ordinary mine specialist
• - a fast military vessel armed with torpedo tubes
• Mine cruiser- the term is outdated; relatively large destroyers were called mine cruisers
• - the first officer rank in the royal fleet
• Like- a port structure in the form of a wall protruding into the sea, one end resting on the shore and serving to protect the port from waves and currents
• Bridge— a light superstructure on the upper deck, protected from waves and wind. The so-called navigation bridge houses the instruments necessary to control the ship while underway.
• Monsoon- a periodic wind that changes its direction depending on the time of year. Monsoons occur mainly in the tropical zone

• Embankment- a wall built on the seashore made of reinforced concrete or large stones, protecting the shore from being washed away by waves
• - facing the direction from which the wind is blowing
• Navigation— Department of Navigation Science. It indicates ways to determine the exact location of a ship when sailing in sight of the coast and its approximate location on the open sea. This is also the name of the season. in which the voyage continues in the known sea
• - wooden nail
• Clean up- polish
• - bind. wrapping the cable around two or more objects. The cable is called a lashing
• - a wooden cabinet with a compass on it
• - in Roman mythology, god of the seas
• - running rigging gear used for lowering sails when cleaning them
• Noki- the ends of all yards, the rear ends of the booms, the upper ends of the gaffs, etc.
• Knock-benzel corner- the corner of the sail that is attached to the end of the gaff or yard
• North- north
• - northeast wind, usually strong and cold
• Noria- an endless chain with supplied cartridges from cartridge magazines to the guns

• Chief Auditor-an officer or naval official who conducts a preliminary investigation into cases arising on the squadron, as well as leading the flagship’s correspondence on judicial and disciplinary matters, issues of legal and international law
• Decorate the ray- turn it so that one leg goes forward, the other goes back
• - put it on the topmast, that is, turn it so that the wind blows in its front direction. In this case, the ship will move in reverse
• Overstay (turn)- the turn of a sailing vessel in which it crosses the wind line with its bow
• Desalination plant— apparatus used for desalination of sea salt water
• optical sight- a device used to aim a weapon at a target. The main part of the optical sight is the spotting scope
• gun port- a window on the side of the ship for a gun
• Draft- the depth of a ship, measured in feet or metric units
• Equipment- running and standing rigging on a ship
• Ost- East
• Stability- the ability of a ship to float in equilibrium (in an upright position) and easily return to a state of equilibrium when removed from it
• Distinctive lights- all ships, both steam and sailing, when underway at night must carry a green light on the starboard side and a red light on the left side
• Compartments- separate rooms inside the ship, delimited by special partitions along and across the ship. This largely protects the ship from sinking in the event of a hole. Compartment bulkheads prevent water from spreading throughout the vessel
• Give up the sails- dissolve the seasons by which they were tied
• Give away the tackle— unscrew the tackle from the bollard or dowel. where she was wrapped. or let it go if it was in your hands
• Drop anchor- lower the anchor into the water
• Unmoor- attach the vessel to the shore or pier using mooring lines

• Packetbot- mail ship
• Pal- a cast iron, stone, wooden pedestal or several piles fastened together, for which mooring lines are wound
• Deck- wooden or metal horizontal ceiling of the ship's hull
• Palnik- a shaft at the end of which a wick is attached
• Pala— folding stoppers, mounted on the lower part of the capstan stock
• - stable easterly winds with a component directed towards the equator, blowing in the trade wind zone between 30 degrees N. w. and 30 degrees S.
• sailboat— 1. this is the abbreviated name for a sailing ship 2. a craftsman who sews sails
• - any vertical partition on a ship
• Hawser- rope or cable with a thickness of 4 to 6 inches in girth
• Perth- a cable stretched over a yard, standing on which sailors fasten sails and take reefs
• Pi-liner- a ship from the so-called “Flying Series P” of the shipowner and amateur F. Lajes. Most of the company's sailboats had names starting with the letter "P". So the Soviet sailing ship “Kruzenshtern” - the last ship of this series was previously called “Padua”
• - rack supporting the deck
• Pirogue- a long and narrow boat, hollowed out or burned from a tree trunk
• Pier- a berthing structure in the port, located perpendicular to the shore
• Plankton— small zoo- and phytoorganisms inhabiting the seas
• - a beam covering the upper ends of the frames along the entire boat with sockets for rowlocks
• Patch- a specially made canvas carpet, which is placed under the hole and pressed against it with water pressure, serves as a device for temporarily sealing the hole
• Punt- flat bottom boat
• Plutong- a group of guns that have the same firing angle and are combined in one place under the command of one commander - the plutong commander
• Turns- are carried out upon a signal from the flagship to rebuild the squadron from one formation to another and to change the direction of its movement. They are performed either sequentially or all at once6 each in its place, or they describe coordinates - an arc to the right or left
• - a turn on a sailing vessel in which the bow crosses the wind line
• Yibing- a turn of the ship in which it crosses the wind line with its stern
• - an artillery gun that can fire straight ahead
• Leeward side- opposite to which the wind blows
• - keeper of ship property (non-commissioned officer) for the maritime sector
• Half shift- half shift from 16 to 18 hours and from 18 to 20 hours. Half watches were introduced to ensure that the same person did not stand watch at the same time
• Semi-porticos- gun port shutters
• Forecastle- a superstructure in the bow of the ship, extending from the stem
• - one of the types of sea knots
• - superstructure at the stern of the vessel
• - pressure hand pump
• - 1. an opening in the side of a ship 2. a place that has a roadstead or harbor for ships, as well as everything necessary for the repair and supply of ships for navigation and for transshipment operations
• Handrail- a wooden beam or metal rod rounded at the top, mounted on railings, enclosing the upper deck, ladders
• Instilled- long levers, by means of which it was possible to raise the breech in order to place wooden lifting wedges under it, as well as to produce slight lateral movement of the gun
• Ramrod- a cylindrical piston on a long shaft, with which the cap was sent and compacted
• Luff— take a course closer to the wind line, closer to a steep close-haul. If the ship, changing course, approaches the line of the wind, they say that it is moving (going steeper, rising), and if its bow moves away from this line, it is going fuller, falling away
• - booty of war, an enemy ship or its cargo, from which the winners received their share, the so-called prize money
• Berth- part of the embankment. equipped with berthing facilities for mooring ships
• Spotlight- a lighting device that produces a narrow beam of strong light, adapted to direct the rays over a relatively long distance and in any direction
• fawn- long scraper for cleaning the bore
• - a hole in the deck of a sailing ship

• Radio room- a room on a ship in which radio transmitters and radio receivers are located
• Sink- side cut at the stern of the vessel
• - the general name for all wooden devices for carrying sails
• Rendezvous- a meeting place or junction of ships
• Ratier's lantern (Ratier's lantern)— a flashlight of a special device for conducting negotiations at night, hidden from the enemy
• Auditor- officer in charge of the ship's economic department
• Regatta- multi-day sailing races
• - a round spar that is used to carry sails
• - a body of water off the coast, which provides a convenient anchorage for ships, protected from wind and waves
• Reconnaissance- reconnaissance of the situation, inspection of the area
• Relation- report on military incidents
• Rehearsal ship- a ship that rehearses signals
• rehearse- repeat signals
• Lattice hatch- a lattice frame made of bars or slats covering the hatch on top
• - a horizontal row of ties threaded through the sail, through which its surface can be reduced. Topsails have four rows, lower sails have two.
• - short cables to reduce sail area
• — ends of the cable for tying the sail when it is necessary to reduce its area
• Even keel- position of the ship without trim
• — graph of wind distribution by season and direction
• Rostra- an elevation above the upper deck on which longboats and other boats are placed
• cutting- service area of ​​the ship. There are navigation rooms, steering rooms, a radio, and on a warship there is a conning tower, armored. from which the ship is commanded during the battle
• Steering wheel- a vertical plate that rotates on an axis in the aft underwater part of the vessel
• - one of the thirty-two compass divisions, equal to 11 and a quarter degrees. The direction from the center of the visible horizon to the points of its circumference. Of the many rhumbas, 32 have special names. The word “rhumb” also means the value between two adjacent rhumbs, and in this sense it is believed that one rhumb is equal to 11 degrees 15 minutes. If they say that the ship turned 4 points to the right, it means it turned 45 degrees to the right
• - closed bunks in which personal belongings of the team are stored
• - a lever mounted on the head of the steering wheel. With its help, the steering wheel is shifted
• - platforms on the outer sides of the vessel, used for laying cables
• - a conventional signal that is struck on the ship's bell to control time, as well as during fog

• - a frame made of longitudinal and transverse beams, installed on the top of the topmast at the junction with the next topmast
• Firework- a greeting given by a blank gun shot
• Light semaphore— a system for close-range negotiations at night using two hand-held flashlights
• Segment projectile- a special design artillery shell used to hit targets with fragments from above
• - gear in the form of a belt for attaching the sail to the yards
• Sextan- a hand-held astronomical instrument used by sailors to determine the location of a ship at sea
• Semaphore— close-range negotiation system using manual flags
• Seiner- a fishing vessel with very few deck structures
• - navigation device
• Separator- a device that separates water entrained by it from steam
• Signal- a conventional sign for transmitting orders, instructions, reports, etc. over a long distance.
• Signalman- specialist sailor servicing optical communications and surveillance equipment on a ship
• — 1. striking the bell at half-hour intervals. The counting began at noon: 12.30 one beat, 13.00 two beats and so on until eight beats. Then the counting began from the beginning. 2. Hourglass
• - convexity in the front surface of the ship
• Tackle- all cables and ropes with terminated ends in running and standing rigging
• - watch from midnight to four o'clock in the morning.
• Spardek- a hinged deck located in the middle of the vessel
• Spinnaker- an additional triangular sail made of light canvas, which is installed on yachts with a fair wind
• Spill- connect two ends together without a knot, passing strands of one into the strands of the other
• SOS- a distress signal transmitted via radio in Morse code
• - the first triangular oblique sail, raised along a rail or forestay in front of the mast, and on large sailing ships between the masts
• deadlift anchor- main anchor of a ship
• Slipway- the site on which the ship is built
• First mate- senior mate
• Starnpost- old name for sternpost
• Senior officer- first assistant commander
• Become a lag- stand alongside a wave or another vessel
• Target- a position in which two or more objects are in the same vertical plane with the observer's eye
• Shelving- shelves in cartridge cellars and in crew chambers. on which shells, cartridges and cases of gunpowder are stored
• Wall- an abbreviation for “topmast”, an integral part of all parts. belonging to the topmast
• - a spar tree that serves as an upward extension of the mast
• Topmast flag- a flag hoisted on a topmast
• - auxiliary ship anchor
• Temperley's arrow- a special device used for loading coal
• Build— For the convenience of managing a formation of ships or a squadron during a campaign and in battle, ships sail in formation. There are different positions: wake column - ships follow each other; bearing - ships move in ledges to the left, right; front - ships move in a line; wedge - formed from two bearing formations
• Sling- a large ring of cable, the ends of which are tied (spliced): it covers the load when lifting with hoists
• Submarine- Submarine
• Ship's role— a complete list of the ship’s crew indicating their positions
• Sushi paddles- a command by which a boat takes the oars out of the water and holds them parallel to the last one, aligning their blades
• - interdeck space
• - a relatively large single-masted vessel, similar in rigging to a sloop: gaff mainsail, topsail, and topmast. Modern yachts do not carry these weapons
• Awning- canvas stretched over the upper deck and bridges to protect personal suction from the sun's rays, as well as from heating the deck itself. To protect from rain, rain awnings made of thicker canvas are stretched
• Crowd- waves characterized by steep splashing counter waves traveling in two or more directions
• Top- top, top of a vertical spar: masts, topmasts
• Top mast- upper end of the mast
• Top fire- a white light, raised on the move by steam ships on the foremast or in front of it, illuminates the horizon directly along the bow, to the right and left of it by 10 points. Its visibility must be at least five miles. or nine kilometers
• Topsail- a sail raised with a gaff rig above the mainsail. Not worn on modern yachts
• — 1. direction at right angles to the ship’s heading; 2. on the ship - a transverse armored partition for protection against fragments
• - loosen the tackle
• Trajectory- the line described by the center of gravity of the projectile during its flight after being fired
• - a means of combating mines, which is important for detecting and destroying minefields
• Transport- an auxiliary vessel designed to transport troops, food and military supplies, supplies of coal, oil, water, etc. for the active fleet
• Ladder- any ladder on a ship
• Trier- rowing vessel of Ancient Greece, had three rows of oars
• Trimaran- three-hulled ship
• - a small triangular sail made of strong material, raised on yachts during a storm
• Cable- the general name for any rope on a ship
• - the lowest part of the interior of the ship, located between the bottom and the lower deck
• Tuzik— small light boat for 2-3 people
• Drainage turbines— powerful vane-type pumps, used for rapid pumping of water, productivity reaches 500 tons per hour

• - a unit of length in maritime affairs: the distance covered by a ship in 0.5 minutes of time. The length (conditional) of the knot is considered equal to 48 feet. Therefore, how many knots does the ship travel in 0.5 min. how many nautical miles does it travel in an hour?
• Coal Miner- a vessel for transporting coal
• - a free passage between dangerous places, surrounded by warning signs or a designated route for ships to navigate
• Felucca- a small sailing and rowing vessel on the Mediterranean, Black and Caspian Seas. Serves for fishing and small transport of local goods
• - one of the anchor cables
• Wick- a special salted tourniquet for lighting on the tank near the water tub; comic sailor name for a reprimand from superiors
• - commander of a formation of warships. The ship on which the flagship is located raises a special distinctive sign on the mast
• Flagship- the ship on which the flagship flies his flag
• Flag captain- staff officer, serving under the admiral, all ranks of staff are subordinate to him, chief of staff
• Flag officer- chief officer, attached to the head of the formation and performing adjutant duties
• Flagship specialists- mechanical engineer, naval engineer, artilleryman, miner, navigator, doctor, etc., on the squadron commander’s staff
• Flagpole- a pole (rod, stand) on which the stern flag is raised
• Wing- left or right side of column ships
• Flutes- sea sailing transport ship of the 16th-17th centuries, common mainly in Holland
• Flotilla- a group of ships engaged in performing some common task and going in the same direction
• Fock- lower sail on the first mast from the bow
• Foka- an integral part of the name of all sails, spars and rigging belonging above the fore-tops
• - the first mast from the bow
- a three-masted ship, the second largest after the battleship. It was more stable than a battleship, had higher masts, greater windage and was superior in speed, but carried less artillery
• - a narrow bay with high rocky shores

• Wheelhouse— cabin. from which the ship is controlled while underway
• Fridge- a device used to condense waste steam into water
• Chronometer- portable spring clock with precise movement

• Trunnions- small cylindrical protrusions in the middle of the gun barrel, inserted into the trunnion sockets of the carriage
• Rear sight— the movable part of the gun sight moves left and right to correct for target movement, its own course and side wind
• High and low pressure cylinders- if on a ship the main piston engine has three steam cylinders and the steam passes sequentially through the first, second and third cylinders, then the machine is called triple expansion. The first cylinder, where the steam from the boiler enters, is called the high pressure cylinder, the second - the medium pressure cylinder, the third - the low pressure cylinder. If the low-pressure cylinder is too large in diameter, then its volume is divided into two equal volumes and two low-pressure cylinders are installed. Thus a triple expansion machine can have four cylinders.
• Circulation- the curve along which the center of gravity of the ship moves when the rudder is deflected
• Tank- special storage on ships for fresh water, oil, wine, etc.

• Charter- an agreement containing the conditions for the provision of all or part of a vessel for the carriage of goods by sea
• - small light boat
• Chip- "shavings", a slang nickname for a ship's carpenter

• Sabbat- at this command, the rowers remove the oars from the rowlocks and put them in the boat
• - a cable by which a ship is tied to another ship or to the shore
• Centerboard- a retractable fin that prevents the vessel from drifting downwind.
• Xebec- a small ship with a strongly extended stem and a far protruding deck, used mainly by corsairs of the northern coast of Africa
• Shelf- coastal part of the sea
• — coordinate. Together with longitude, it is used to determine the position of a point on the earth's surface. Latitude is the angle between the plane of the equator and a plumb line passing through a given point. Measurements are from the equator to the poles ranging from 0 to 90 degrees. (northern and southern latitude)
• Storm ladder— cable suspended portable ladder
• Storm sails— special oblique lower sails, which are set during a storm
• Steering wheel- a mechanical device with the help of which the steering wheel is shifted
• - shipmaster, assistant commander for driving a ship at sea
• Sturtros-transmission from the steering wheel to the tiller
• Skerries— island shore; sea ​​coast, densely dotted with islands with narrow straits
• - a sailing ship that has at least two masts and carries slanting sails on all masts

• Evolution- a maneuver performed by ships in formation to change course, connect the distance between ships, form into a different formation, and so on
• - spar fastening detail
• — block for tensioning the cables

• Anchor- a device that holds the vessel in clear water by hooking onto the bottom
• Anchor place- a place convenient for mooring ships
• - small service boat
• Yacht- any vessel, steam, or sailboat, adapted for sea voyages
• Yachting- sailing
• Yacht Club- organization, society uniting yachtsmen

Alphabetical dictionary of marine terms.*

Introduction!

* The alphabetical dictionary contains all the terms that relate to this ship. You will find illustrations of almost all terms in 4 pages of drawings. The meanings of the numbers (from 1 to 152 in the drawings - are described in the list below the dictionary). All other illustrations have been added to the alphabetical dictionary.

Alphabetical dictionary of marine terms

A

Akhterlyuk - an opening in the deck behind the mainmast for loading cargo into the ship's aft hold.

Sternpost - (Gol. achtersteven, achter - rear, steven - stem, riser) - a beam installed in the rear of the keel vertically to it; The rudder is suspended from the sternpost. The sternpost consists of several parts: a halyard post, a star-bracket and filling trees - the stern deadwood.

Anaput - several cables secured in the drilled edge of the Martian platform and passing through a wooden block with holes - an anaput block. Necessary in order to avoid the topsails getting caught on the topsails. It was installed between the leading edge of the top and the forestay.

B

Buck - (Gol. bak) - a superstructure in the bow of the deck, reaching the stem. The forecastle used to be called the bow part of the upper deck (in front of the foremast). Serves to protect the upper deck from flooding by oncoming waves, increase unsinkability, accommodate service spaces, etc. (topmost picture)

Backstays - standing rigging gear that supports spar trees, bokants, davits, topmasts, chimneys, etc. from the sides.

Bayfoot - a piece of cable covered with leather, with the help of which the yard or gaff is held in the girth of the mast or topmast. At the lower yards, the bayfoots are made of iron, with swivels.

Blocks - the simplest mechanisms used to lift heavy objects, as well as to change the direction of the cables when they are pulled. A device with a rotating wheel-pulley inside, through which a cable is passed for traction.

Blinda-ray - spar on the bowsprit. They abandoned the use of blinds back in the eighteenth century. Sometimes now, instead of a blind-yard, two branches are installed - a blind-gaff.

Bitt - 1. A wooden or metal stand on the deck of a ship for attaching cables. The anchor chain is wrapped around the biting, which reduces the speed of the anchor recoil. 2. With dowel strips - for fastening running rigging.

Brig - two-masted sailing ship of the 18th-19th centuries. with direct sails for patrol, messenger and cruising services. Displacement 200-400 tons, armament 10-24 guns. Crew up to 120 people.

Bras - running rigging gear, attached to the ends of the yard and used to rotate the yard in a horizontal plane (throw the yard).

Bom- belonging to the penultimate level of the spar tree.

Bom-fitter - spar that serves as a continuation I eat ironmongery.

Bom jib - the first forward sail from the top in front of the foremast (the forward-most jib).

Board - side of the ship.

Bram- belonging to the highest level of the spar tree.

Topmast - a spar that serves as a continuation of the topmast and extends upward from it.

Bowline - a tackle used to pull the windward side luff of the lower straight sail towards the bow so that the ship can sail steeply to the wind.

Bowsprit - a spar mounted on the bow of the ship horizontally or at some angle to the horizontal plane (about 35 degrees). The standing rigging of the topmasts of the front mast, as well as the rigging of the slanting sails - jibs, is attached to the bowsprit. On large ships, the bowsprit was made composite: the continuation of the bowsprit is the jib, and the continuation of the jib is the boom-judge.

Bay - rope twisted in circles.

Buyrep - a cable attached to an anchor and equipped with a wooden or metal float (buoy) that indicates the location of the anchor on the ground.

Mizzen - a slanting sail placed on a mizzen mast, the upper luff of which is laced to the gaff, and the lower one is stretched along the boom with a mizzen sheet. The word "mizzen" is added to the names of all parts of the spar, rigging and sails attached to the mizzen mast. The exception is the lower yard, when the mizzen, in addition to the oblique sail, has straight sails. Then the yard will be called “begin-ray”, and the word “cruise” will be added to the parts of the spar located above the top platform and on the topmasts.

IN

Guys - (Gol. - want) - standing ship rigging gear. They are made of steel or hemp cable and serve to strengthen the mast, being guys to the side and several to the stern.

Vant-putens - iron chains or strips, the lower end of which is attached externally to the side of the ship, and the upper end is laid behind the lower eyes. Not to be confused with puttens shrouds.

Water-wooling - fastening the bowsprit with the stem. In the old sailing fleet, cable or chain sails were made. On modern sailing ships they are replaced by iron yokes and brackets.

Wuling - a bandage that holds together several beams in the manufacture of lower masts and bowsprits. Usually consisted of five or six cable hoses laid around the mast. The distance between neighboring wulings was approximately 1 m.

Pennant - (Dutch - wimpel) - a long narrow flag with braids, hoisted on the mast of a warship on campaign.

Vyblenki - pieces of thin cable tied across the cables and acting as steps when climbing the cables to masts and topmasts.

Shot - a horizontal spar suspended underwater perpendicular to the side of the ship. The shots are designed to carry the sail overboard, secure the boats and create appropriate spacing for the rigging.

Displacement - weight of the ship in tons, i.e. the amount of water displaced by the submerged part of the ship's hull.

G

Tacks - simple cables used to pull the clew or tack angles of oblique sails to the bow and secure them.

Gardel - running rigging gear on ships with direct sails, used for lifting the lower yards or gaffs.

Gaff - (Dutch - gaffel) (boom) - a spar tree, which at its lower end - the heel - has a fork - a mustache covering the mast. The whiskers allow you to raise the gaff along the mast or rotate the boom relative to it. The gaffs are used to fasten the upper luff of the trysails, and the booms are used to fasten the lower luff.

Latrine - nasal overhang, which was a continuation of the grep. Served mainly for decorative purposes and to support the bowsprit.

Gallery - aft decor, windows or open balconies as part of the living area of ​​the captain's and officers' cabins. Typically richly decorated with the name of the ship inscribed.

Grotto-, Grotto- belonging to the main mast. (i.e. refers to the second mast from the front).

Grotto - 1. The general name for the middle (highest) mast of sailing ships. 2. The straight sail, the lowest one on the second mast from the bow (main mast), is tied to the main yard. 3. A word added to the names of yards, sails and rigging located above the top of the mainmast.

Mainsail-bom-bramsel - the fourth sail from the bottom on the mainmast.

Mainsail topsail - the third straight sail from the bottom on the mainmast, raised on the topmast above the topsail.

Grotto Marseille - the second straight sail from the bottom on the mainmast, placed between the tops yard and the lower yard.

Main hatch - middle hatch on the deck of the ship.

Gitov - running rigging gear used for cleaning straight sails and trysails. The clews of straight sails pull the clew angles of the sail towards the yard. Git trysails pull the sail towards the gaff and mast.

Geek - a horizontal spar attached to the mast at a small height above the deck and with its free end facing the stern of the ship. The lower luff of the slanting sail is laced to the boom.

Guys - In Russia: a red flag with a blue St. Andrew's cross, bordered by white stripes, and a white straight cross. It rises on the bowsprit flagpole (from 8 a.m. to dusk) along with the stern flag, but only during anchorage.

Guys-stock - a stand on which the guy is raised.

D

Dirik-fal - running rigging gear used to lift the working end of the gaff.

Dryrep - 1. (mars-halyard) - gear for lifting the tops-yard. 2. a chain or wire rope attached to a yard and passed through a pulley to lift it. Every drirep usually ends with hoists called halyards. For example, the marsa-drayrep and the marsa-halyard together make up a device for lifting the marsa-yard.

Z

Blockage-tali - tackle for holding the boom, preventing it from spontaneously being thrown to the other side at full heading.

TO

Carronade - a short, light, large-caliber cast iron cannon.

Boat - boat with 2 masts and 10 oars.

Knecht - 1. on a sailing ship, a square-section beam used for traction and fastening the ends and some gear of running rigging. 2. double metal stand for fastening mooring lines. It comes with a crossbar that helps hold the wound cable, called a bollard spreader.

Coffee dowel - rods made of hard wood or metal about 30 cm long. Insert into the holes of the dowel bar for fastening and laying running rigging gear.

Coffee strip - a wooden or metal beam with holes for dowel pins, attached horizontally to the deck at the masts and at the inside of the side.

Cleaver - an oblique triangular sail placed in front of the foremast. From the main rigging to the jib's foot there is a rail, along which the jib is raised and lowered. On a ship where there are three of them, the second sail from the mast is called the jib. The first is called a jib, and the third is a jib. Cleavers appeared in the 18th century

Stern - rear end of the ship. The stern is considered to be the part of the vessel from the very rear of it to the hatch closest to it or the end of the stern superstructure. (topmost picture)

Counter mizzen - gaff sail, behind the direct one on the mizzen mast. If there is a lower straight sail on the rear mast, it is called a mizzen. If there is no straight sail, the mizzen is called a gaff sail.

Kiel - (English - keel) - the main longitudinal connection of the ship, located along its entire length in the lower part along the center plane. On wooden ships, the keel consists of a beam protruding outwards, to which frames are attached. (second picture from top)

Keel blocks - two wooden stands, cut to the shape of the bottom of the boat. Boats are installed on them.

Knyavdiged - Ancient sailing ships have a protruding upper part of the cutwater. The upper part of the knyavdiged was decorated with a carved figure. (second picture from top)

Cathead - a beam with an attached bracket on which one or two blocks were placed, serving to lift the anchor.

L

Carriage - a wooden stand for holding a gun (gun), controlling and moving it along the deck.

Moose Stag - one of the double forestays along which a slanting sail runs.

Lopar - the running or outer end, both of hoists and of any tackle.

Lysel alcohols - thin spar trees on the fore- and main-yards and on the fore- and main-yards, used for staging foxels.

Hatches - openings in the decks: for lowering cargo into the hold - cargo hatches; for light transmission - skylights.

Leer - a metal rod or tightly stretched vegetable or steel cable used for tying sails, tightening awnings, drying clothes, etc. Rails are also called ropes fixed to posts that replace the bulwark of a ship, and ropes stretched to prevent people from falling overboard during a storm.

M

Mast - vertical spar. Masts are used for installing sails, cargo booms, signaling and communication devices, for raising flag signals, etc.

Martin Geek - a spar tree, reinforced vertically under the bowsprit eselgoft with its tip down. Its upper end was forked. Serves for spreading water stays.

Mars - (mars platform) - a platform on the top of a composite mast, attached to the long salings and spreaders. On sailing ships it serves as a spacer for shrouds and as a place for some work when setting and cleaning the sails. Rangefinders and small-caliber guns were installed on the tops of warships.

N

Niral - the only jibs and staysails.

Nok - the end of a spar located horizontally or at some angle to the horizontal plane (boom, gaff, yard, etc.). In addition, the outer end of the bowsprit, jib and boom jib is called the nok.

Nagel - 1. A wooden nail used to fasten parts of wooden ships. 2. Block pulley axis.

ABOUT

Butt - a bolt in which instead of a head there is a ring or a forging with an eye in its upper part. Designed for attaching rigging hooks or block slings.

P

Deck - horizontal tier of the ship. Starting from the top, they had the following purposes: quarter-deck - an open deck for steering the ship; opera deck - upper battery deck; mid-deck - middle battery deck; orlop-deck - deck of residential and service premises; hold - the lowest deck. (topmost picture)

Sail - a fabric attached to an object (a spar) that is stretched relative to the wind so that its pressure creates a force that sets the object in motion.

Look at the name of each sail.

Water pump - ship pumps serving different purposes: bilge pumps, fire pumps, sanitary pumps, feed pumps (for boilers), etc.

A gun - onboard gun, the main charge, which is the core.

Perth - cables fixed under the yards on which people working on the yards stand.

Pyatners - a round or elliptical hole in the deck through which the mast passed, also the structure holding the end of the bowsprit.

Putens shrouds - 1. iron rods, the lower ends of which are located on the lower yoke yoke or under the yoke on a special shroud yoke. Then the shrouds are passed through the holes along the edge of the top, and their upper ends are completed with rings, to which the shrouds are attached with staples. (Ties running from the cables from under the top to its side edges; they serve to strengthen the edges of the top and prevent it from bending upward from the thrust of the wall-stays.) 2. special guys - similar to short, downward cables that are pulled from below puttens and attached to the side under the channels. Nowadays, when there are no longer channels on sailing ships, only these guys going down from the top platform are usually called puttens shrouds.

R

Spar - (from the Dutch "rondhout" - round tree) - on ships of the sailing fleet, the spar meant wooden or metal parts of the ships' armament, intended for carrying sails, performing cargo work, raising signals, etc. A collective word to designate all the wooden parts of the ship , such as: masts, topmasts, topmasts, yardarms, booms, gaffs, cargo booms, etc.

Raks-yoke - consist of 1-3 rows of wooden balls placed on cables that hold the horizontal spar to the vertical one.

Ray - a spar tree suspended from the middle using a bayfoot to a mast or topmast for setting sails or for attaching signal halyards.

Rowles - a roller cast from cast iron or turned from strong wood and freely rotating on an axis. The rollers are placed, for example, in bales or separately to guide the cable, to support steering rods, etc.

Rostra - a place on the deck where a spare spar is stowed. Large boats are sometimes installed on the rostra.

Tiller - (from Gol. - roerpen, roer - oar, steering wheel) - a lever fixed in the upper part of the steering wheel. Transmits torque from the force created by the steering machine or manually.

Rusleni - powerful beams along the outer sides of a sailing ship, located at the level of the upper deck opposite the masts. Serve for spacing the cables, which are attached to the sides by cable stays.

Rym - a strong iron ring set into a deck, side, or dock.

WITH

Saling - a wooden or steel structure that serves to connect the topmast with its continuation - the toptopmast, and the toptopmast with the boom topmast and for spreading the topmast and boom topstays to the sides. Saling is a frame of two longitudinal beams - longa-salings and two or three beams intersecting with longa-salings - spreaders. Salings are called depending on their belonging to one or another mast: fore-saling, main-saling and cruise-saling.

Wall- belonging to the topmast (i.e. to the second vertical spar from the bottom)

Topmast - (Dutch - steng) - a removable spar tree, which is a continuation of the ship's mast. Next comes the topmast, and then the toptopmast.

T

Rigging - the general name of all gear that generally constitutes the armament of a ship or the armament of a spar. The rigging that serves to hold the spar in the proper position is called standing, while the rest is called running.

Tali - a lifting device consisting of two blocks (movable and fixed), connected to each other by a cable, one end of which is fixedly fixed to one of the blocks.

Lanyard - a type of hoist or tension cable for pulling standing rigging or tightening cargo.

Topenant - running rigging tackle attached to the end of the yard and used to install the yard at one angle or another to the horizontal plane. Topenant is also called the tackle that supports the end of the cargo boom, boom, or gaff.

Top - the upper end of any vertical spar, such as a mast, topmast, flagpole.

Buoy - see buyrep.

U

Duck - a turned wooden strip or casting, fixedly fixed on the inside side of the side and deck for attaching the sheets of lower sails and trysails. Sometimes the ducks were placed on shrouds to which they were lashed.

Copper - a spar that serves as a continuation of the bowsprit.

F

Fal - tackle used for hoisting some yards, sails, signal flags, etc.

Flag - a rectangular panel made of light woolen fabric - flagduk - of different colors and serves as a distinctive sign. Flags are divided into signal and national, indicating which state the ship belongs to, and national flags are divided into military, commercial and personally assigned.

Flagpole - the top of a mast or a special pole used to raise the flag .

Foca-, For- belonging to the foremast (i.e., the first mast at the front of the ship) A word added to the names of the yards, sails, and rigging located above the top of the foremast.

Forduns - standing rigging gear supporting topmasts, topmasts, etc. from the rear and sides. When there are two pairs of rigging supporting the same spar, the rigging attached closer to the bow is called backstays, and the rear ones are called forestays.

Fore-staysail, Fore-bom-topsail, Fore-topsail, Fore-topsail - view analogy with Grot-.

Fock - straight sail, the lowest one on the forward mast (foremast) of a ship. Attached to the fore-yard.

stem - a beam that forms the front end of the vessel (a continuation of the keel in the bow). (second picture from top)

Sh

Sheet - tackle attached to the lower corner of the straight or lower rear corner of the oblique sail (clew angle) and carried towards the stern of the vessel. The sheets hold the luff of the sail in the desired position. Sheets are also called gear attached to the upper corners of the emergency patch.

pendant - a short cable with a thimble or pulley used for lifting boats or cargo.

Spire - a large gate with a vertical axis used for raising the anchor (anchor capstan), removing the mooring lines, raising the yards, lifting and lowering boats.

Frame - rib of the ship's hull (transverse element of the hull structure). (second picture from top)

Stays - standing rigging gear that supports vertical spar trees in the longitudinal direction - masts, topmasts, etc.

Steering wheel - a wheel with handles that serves to control the steering wheel.

Sturtros - a cable founded between the wheel and the rudder, and passing through a series of fixed pulleys. Serves to transmit force from the steering wheel to the tiller, and through it to the steering wheel.

E

Ezelgoft - wooden or metal connecting clip with two holes. One hole is put on the top of the mast or topmast, and the topmast or topmast is shot (passed) through the second.

YU

Ufers - a kind of round thick block with smooth holes called windows instead of pulleys. Rope lanyards are supported through the deadeyes.

I

Anchor - a forged metal projectile used to stop a ship by gripping it to the bottom of the sea. Anchors come in different systems. Two anchors, always ready to release and located on the bow of the ship, are called anchors. In addition to these, there are one or two spares stored nearby. Small anchors, used to pull a vessel from place to place by delivery, are called verps. The heaviest verp is called a stop anchor.

Yal -

the boat is smaller in size than semi-longboats and has sharper contours. They are used for various purposes, mainly for mooring.

Boarding is a method of fighting with rowing and sailing ships (until the 19th century), coupling an attacking ship with an enemy ship to capture it in hand-to-hand combat.

Vanguard (from the French avant - ahead, gaede - guard) - 1) The forward (head) part of the combat (march) order of the fleet forces (formation). 2) In the sailing fleet, vanguard (vanguard) are warships (squadrons or divisions) intended for combat with the enemy vanguard. In the wake of the ships, the vanguard followed the lead, followed by the corps de battalion (center) and the rearguard closed the column. The vanguard was commanded by a vice admiral.

Rearguard (from the French arriere - rear, rear and garde - guard) - 1) The trailing end of the forces of the combat (marching) order of ships (formation), intended to cover their main forces (corps de battle) from the aft sectors of the combat (marching) formation, supporting them in battle with fire, ensuring withdrawal (separation) from the enemy after the battle. 2) In a sailing fleet, the rearguard (rearguard) is the end, third squadron of the fleet (or the end division of the squadron) in a single combat (marching) wake formation. The rearguard was commanded by a rear admiral.

Aft hatch - 1) An opening in the deck for loading cargo into the aft hold of a ship. Located behind the mainmast. 2) A room in the hold of a ship for storing provisions.

The forecastle is the bow part of the upper deck of a ship from the stem to the foremast. The forecastle is a raised superstructure occupying part of the forecastle.

Mizzen - see mast.

The order of battle of a formation is the relative position (tactical formation) of ships (formation of ships) in a group created for battle.

A barrel is a steel float of a welded or riveted structure that supports a chain (bridle) coming from a large anchor lying on the ground (dead anchor). Serves for anchoring ships in harbors and roadsteads.

Topmast - a spar tree that serves as a continuation of the topmast and extends upward from it; the third component of the mast from the bottom. Due to the fact that it is impossible to make a mast from one tree of the required thickness and a height of about 50 meters, which was the total height of the mast on battleships of the sailing fleet, they were made composite. The lower knee is the mast itself, the second is the topmast, the third is the topmast, the fourth is the boom topmast. Sometimes there is a fifth bend - a topmast hold. The topmost part is a flagpole, which ends in a chiseled circle - a klotik.

A fire ship is a ship filled with flammable and explosive substances for setting fire or exploding enemy ships. It was one of the combat weapons of the era of rowing and sailing fleets. As the enemy ship approached, the fire-ship was attached to it with special hooks, the crew set it on fire and left on a boat, and the fire-ship exploded along with the enemy ship. The last combat use of the fire-ship was in the Battle of Chesma in 1770. Later, fireships were ships loaded with ballast and flooded at the entrance to harbors and bays in order to block access to them from the sea.

A brig is a two-masted sea vessel with straight sails on both masts. In the days of the sailing navy, small warships that carried out reconnaissance, messenger and cruising services were called brigs. Their military weapons consisted of 10-24 cannons.

Breeze - wind in the coastal strip; blowing from sea to land during the day is a sea breeze, and at night from land to sea is a coastal breeze.

A bowsprit is a horizontal or inclined log that protrudes from the bow of a sailing vessel and serves to carry the bow sails (jibs and jib) forward and attach them to it. The flag, previously raised on the bowsprit, was called the bowsprit flag, later - the jack.

Shrouds are standing rigging gear (see) that supports masts and their extensions from the sides of the ship - topmasts, topmasts, and so on.

A crow's nest is a barrel attached to the top of the mast of a sailing ship and used as an observation post.

Hammer - a thick wooden or metal lever for turning a pin or gate by hand.

To nurse - to select, to pull out the anchor-chain of the given anchor, and with it the anchor itself, using special ship mechanisms - a capstan or a windlass.

Latrine - 1) This is what a latrine is called on modern ships and vessels. 2) On ancient military sailing ships, a latrine was the bow balcony, decorated with carvings. Its front end, hanging over the water, rested on the knyavdiged - the upper part of the stem, on which the so-called galleon carved wooden figure was attached for decoration.

Gaff - a special yard, strengthened obliquely at the top of the mast. On sailing ships it is used to fasten the upper edge of the slanting sail, as well as to raise the Naval Ensign on sailing and modern ships while underway.

Gini - a special type of hoists (see), having six or more pulleys in both blocks. Used when lifting heavy weights manually.

Mainmast - see mast.

A guypole (flagpole) is a vertical pole in the bow (stern) of a ship for raising a guypole (flag).

Dobrflot (Voluntary Fleet) is a shipping company created in Russia in 1878 with voluntary donations from the population. In the event of war, one part of the Dobrflot vessels could quickly be converted into auxiliary cruisers, and the other could perform the duties of military transports. By the beginning of the First World War, it included more than 40 ships. After the revolution, many of them were illegally stolen to England, the USA and other countries. In 1925, the 16 remaining ships were transferred to the Sovtorgflot, which united all state shipping companies.

Longitude is one of the geographic coordinates that determine the position of points on the Earth's surface; the angle between the plane of the meridian passing through a given point and the plane of the prime meridian passing through Greenwich. Longitudes from 0 to 180° east of the prime meridian are called eastern, and to the west - western.

Signs of the Zodiac - The Sun, in its apparent annual movement along the great circle of the celestial sphere, called the ecliptic, passes through the constellations, in each of which it appears for approximately one month a year. For example, in the constellation Aquarius - in January-February, in the constellation Pisces - in February-March, and so on. Each of these 12 constellations and the corresponding months of the year are marked in astronomy with a special sign. Collectively, they are called the signs of the Zodiac.

Kabeltov - 1) A non-system unit of length used in navigation to measure relatively short distances at sea. Its length is 0.1 nautical miles, or 185.2 meters. 2) Cable made of plant fibers with a circumference of 150 to 330 millimeters, used for moorings and tugs.

Galley is a place (room) for preparing food on ships. Originally, this was the name given to a ship's kitchen stove made of brick.

The card is a sensitive element designed to determine the direction of the magnetic meridian; It is a copper round float with a disk (or ring) of non-magnetic material, mounted on a vertical pin axis located in the center of the compass. For ease of orientation to the cardinal points, divisions of the degree or rhumb system are applied to the card (see Rhum). Under the float at its center, several magnetic needles are symmetrically attached in such a way that the card, put on a pin by the firebox, always turns zero degree, that is, Nord, to the north.

The jib is one of the forward triangular sails. On a ship where there are three of them, the second sail from the mast is called the jib (the first is called the jib, and the third is the boom jib).

Clipper - 1) A three-masted sailing or sail-steam merchant or military ship of the 19th century. Sailing clippers were the fastest ships of their time. Intended for sentinel and messenger service. Displacement - 600-1500 tons, speed under sail - 12-13 knots, crew - 80-200 people. 2) Sailing ships for delivering goods over long distances were widely used in the middle of the 19th century; displacement - up to 2 thousand tons, speed under sail - up to 20 knots (37 km/h). The fastest were tea clippers, transporting tea from China to Europe.

Klotik is a chiseled circle placed on the top of a mast (huystaff, flagpole). Thin gear, called halyards, is passed through the klotik and serves to raise flags.

Knop - 1) A special type of braided knot at the end of a cable. Its purpose is to prevent the end of the cable from slipping out of the block or pulley. 2) A part in the hull structure of a wooden ship that connects the stem to the keel.

A corvette is the smallest three-masted warship with a full square rig in the sailing navy. It had from 18 to 30 guns, located only on the upper deck. Corvettes were used for reconnaissance and messenger service.

Cordebatalia (from the French corps - head, main part and bataille - battle), the middle part of the combat (marching) formation (order) of ships of the sailing fleet (squadron), following in the wake column (in one line); When built in three columns, the middle one was called the corps de battalion. In the 19th century, the corps debatalia began to be called the center. The corps de battle was commanded by an admiral.

Kranbal (krambol) is a thick short beam in the form of a console on wooden sailing ships, extending over the side and supported from below by a square-bracket. At the outer end of the crane there is a pulley for cattals, by means of which the anchor, after leaving the water, was pulled to the height of the deck and secured. The expression “along the left (right) crumble” means direction.

A cruiser is a warship. Cruisers appeared as a class of ships in the 60s of the 19th century. During World War II they were divided into light and heavy. Nowadays there are missile cruisers, anti-submarine cruisers and others. They are divided into nuclear and conventional power plants.

Cruising (cruising operations) - independent combat operations of single surface ships (groups of ships) on sea and ocean communications with the aim of destroying (capturing) enemy ships and disrupting their maritime transport.

To tack is to move a sailing ship against the wind along a broken line, that is, on short tacks. No sailing ship can sail directly into the wind. It is necessary to alternate your courses so that the wind blows either from the port (port tack) or from the starboard (starboard tack) side, trying to stay as close to the wind line as possible and setting the sails accordingly.

Battleship - 1) In the sailing navy of the 17th century - the first half of the 19th century, a large three-masted warship with two or three decks (decks), on which from 60 to 130 guns were placed in one line along the sides. They had up to 800 crew members. 2) In the steam armored fleet of the first half of the 20th century, one of the main classes of large surface ships. It had 70-150 guns of various calibers, including anti-aircraft, including 8-12 280-457 mm guns, and a crew of 1500-2800. After World War II, battleships lost their importance. Currently, only the US Navy has two Iowa-class battleships built in the 1940s, which, in addition to powerful artillery, also have missile weapons. They are in conservation.

Mars is a platform at the top of the mast for observation, installation of searchlights, navigation and other instruments, and on sailing ships, in addition, for working with sails.

A mast is a vertical structure firmly attached to the hull of a ship. Masts on sailing ships are the basis for the entire mast and rigging (they serve to set the sails). The first mast from the bow of the ship is called the foremast, the second is the mainmast (there may be several masts on one, for example a 4-5-mast, ship), the one closest to the stern is the mizzen mast.

The bridge is an open or closed fenced area in the upper part of the superstructure of a ship (vessel), where control devices for the ship and its ship's weapons, as well as communications and surveillance equipment, are located.

Ordinances (French ordonnances, from ordonner - to order) - 1) In some foreign countries, legal acts of the highest authorities. 2) In a number of Western European countries in the XII-XIX centuries, royal decrees.

Trade winds are winds that blow continuously in the tropical latitudes of the oceans with a fairly constant force of 3-4 points (6-8 m/s). Their direction basically remains constant throughout the year (in the Northern Hemisphere - northeastern, in the Southern Hemisphere - southeastern).

Pram is a flat-bottomed sailing vessel armed with large-caliber cannons and designed to bombard coastal fortresses.

Spar (from the Dutch runge hout - round tree) - a set of wooden (and in the modern navy, metal) structures (masts, topmasts, yards and others) used for attaching sails, and on ships with mechanical engines - for placing ship lights, equipment communications, surveillance and alarm.

A ray is a spar tree that tapers at both ends. Straight sails are attached to the yards. With the help of running rigging, the yards are raised, lowered and turned in the horizontal direction. This is necessary in order to place the sails in the most favorable position relative to the wind. All yards on a ship have their own names, depending on whether they belong to masts or topmasts.

Roadstead is a place where ships anchor in a port or near the shore. The inner roadstead is part of the fenced water area of ​​the port, the outer roadstead is the water area on the approaches to the port. Based on the degree of protection from waves and wind, a distinction is made between closed and open roadsteads.

Raider - a warship (cruiser, heavy cruiser, battleship) or an armed merchant ship conducting independent combat operations on sea lanes (see Cruising).

Reef - 1) A series of ties (reef strings) threaded through the sail, with the help of which the area of ​​the sail can be reduced. Take reefs - reduce the sail area, reef it. 2) An underwater or slightly above sea level rock in shallow water.

Rostra - 1) Part of the deck of the middle superstructure, looking like a platform supported by pillars above the upper deck. Boats are placed on the rostra. 2) Spare spar trees, laid on the waist, that is, on the part of the upper deck between the foremast and mainmast.

Rumbus - in maritime navigation, a unit of flat angle of the horizon circle, divided into 32 parts. 1/32 of a circle is equal to 11 1/4.

Saling - a frame of longitudinal and transverse beams that connects the upper parts of the mast (for example, the topmast and topmast). The flooring on the salinga is at the same time the highest observation point.

The staysail is an oblique triangular sail, similar to a jib (see), which is placed in front of the foremast, and on large sailboats - between other masts.

A patrol ship is a surface combat ship designed to perform patrol duty, protect large ships and transports from surprise attacks by submarines, aircraft and boats while crossing the sea and when moored in open roadsteads.

Rigging - all the gear (cables, chains, ropes) on the ship. Divided into running and standing. Running rigging (halyards, sheets and others) is used to lift or turn the yards, as well as to control the sails. Standing (shrouds, stays) supports spar trees.

Hoists are devices for lifting weights. They consist of two blocks through which a steel or plant cable passes. They have a variety of uses on ships: for lowering and lifting boats and side ladders, lifting heavy objects manually.

A halyard is a running rigging tackle for hoisting yards, gaffs, sails, flags, object and light signals, as well as a stern flag and jack.

Fertoing is a method of anchoring a ship on two anchors using a fertoing bracket. It is usually performed by releasing the first anchor from the windward side or from the side of the current, and the second - from the opposite direction relative to the center of the anchorage site; it is used in narrow spaces, places with significant tidal currents or rapidly changing winds. In the era of the sailing fleet, it was used in artillery combat with an enemy anchored in bays in order to put one’s ships against his ships in a position that allowed the use of all the artillery on one side for the duration of the entire battle.

Foremast - see mast.

A frigate is a three-masted warship in the sailing navy, the second largest after a battleship. It had two battery decks - closed and open. The artillery armament of sailing frigates reached 60 guns. They exceeded the battleships of that time in speed. Modern frigates in the navies of some states are designed for anti-submarine and air defense. Their displacement is up to 40,00 tons. They have rocket and artillery weapons and installations of rocket launchers.

Frieze - carvings on the outer part of the side of old sailing ships.

Mooring line - a cable (steel, synthetic or made of plant fibers), with the help of which a ship is pulled and secured to a pier or other vessel.

Latitude is the angle between a plumb line at a given point on the earth’s surface and the plane of the equator, measured from 0 to 90° on both sides of the equator: to the north - northern latitude, to the south - southern latitude; one of the geographic coordinates.

Luff - the edge of a sail or flag, usually sheathed with a twisted, very flexible cable called a lycrop.

Shmak, shmaka - a small decked vessel, used in the 17th-19th centuries for transporting goods, passengers and fishing (mainly trawl) in the North and Baltic Seas. Shmaki had the sailing rig of a sloop or ketch, depending on their size. In Russia, two-masted shmak with oblique sails were used in the first half of the 18th century as military transports, as well as for transporting timber on the Baltic and Caspian Seas. Length 18-27, width about seven, side height about three meters, load capacity 40-140 tons.

Shnyava - in Peter's times, a merchant or military two-masted sailing ship with straight sails and a bowsprit. Intended for reconnaissance and messenger service. Armament: 12-18 small caliber guns.

Capstan - a winch with a vertical shaft, used to lift the anchor chain when removing from the anchor or for pulling out (pulling) mooring lines when mooring a ship to the pier.

Standard - the imperial (royal) flag in Russia and other countries, as well as the flag of the head of state, raised while he is on a warship (ship's standard) or in a palace (palace standard).

A destroyer (destroyer) is a warship designed to destroy submarines and surface ships (vessels), protect its ships and vessels during sea passage and in battle, lay mines and solve other problems. Appeared in Russia at the beginning of the 20th century. Modern destroyers are armed with artillery, torpedoes, rocket launchers and missiles. Displacement - up to 8000 tons.

The poop is the aft part of the ship's deck. On sailing ships, the poop is the highest part of the deck, where the commander is usually located. The poop is a raised superstructure that occupies part of the poop deck.

Tabulevich lantern- a lantern of a special signaling device.
Rigging- the general name of all gear on masts, booms, etc.
Tali- tackle placed between blocks to gain traction power.
Ram- a protrusion of the high underwater part of a ship for striking an enemy ship in order to break through its underwater part.
Awning- canvas stretched over the upper deck and bridges to protect personnel from the sun's rays, as well as from heating the deck itself. To protect from rain, rain awnings made of thicker canvas are installed.
Top- top, top of a vertical spar, such as a mast, topmast.
Top fire- a white light raised on the move by steam ships on the foremast or in front of it; illuminates the horizon directly along the bow, to the right and left of it by ten points. Its visibility should be at least five miles, or nine kilometers.
Torpedo- see self-propelled mine.
Beam- 1) direction at right angles to the ship’s heading; , 2) on a ship - a transverse armored partition for protection from fragments.
Poison- skip the tackle, that is, give it slack.
Trajectory- the line described by the center of gravity of the projectile as it flies in the air after being fired.
Trawl- a means of combating mines, intended to detect and destroy minefields.
Transport- an auxiliary vessel designed to transport troops, food and military supplies, reserves of coal, oil, water, etc. for the active fleet.
Ladder- stairs on a ship.
Hold- an interior space on a ship located below the lowest deck. On warships, the hold is the sixth deck from the top.
Drainage turbines- powerful vane type pumps; serve for quick pumping of water; productivity reaches 500 tons per hour.

Knot- unit of length in maritime affairs: the distance covered by a ship in 0.5 minutes of time. The length (conventional) of the knot is considered to be 48 feet. Therefore, the number of knots a ship travels in 0.5 minutes is the number of nautical miles it travels per hour.

False- 1) gear used to lift some spar trees and sails; 2) a rope on which the flag, jack and flag signals are raised.
Falrep- cable (rope) replacing handrails at the entrance ladder
Falrepny- a sailor sent from watch to supply a lanyard.
Fairway- a free passage between dangerous places, surrounded by warning signs, or a designated route for ships to navigate.
Wick- a special salted tourniquet for lighting on the tank near the water tub; a comic sailor name for a reprimand from superiors.
Flagship- commander of a formation of warships. The ship on which the flagship is stationed raises a special distinctive flag on the mast.
Flagship- the ship on which the flagship flies his flag.
Flag captain- a staff officer attached to the admiral; All ranks of the headquarters are subordinate to him; chief of staff.
Flag officer- chief officer, attached to the head of the formation and performing adjutant duties.
Flagship specialists- mechanical engineer, naval engineer, artilleryman, miner, navigator, doctor, etc., attached to the headquarters of the squadron commander.
Flagpole- a pole (rod, stand) on which the stern flag is raised.
Wing- left or right side of a column of ships.
Foremast- the front mast on a ship.
Foresail yard- lower yard of the foremast.
Formenka- a white linen sailor's shirt with a blue collar.
stem- continuation of the keel at the forward end of the vessel.
Frigate- a three-masted sailing military vessel with one closed battery.

Wheelhouse- the wheelhouse from which the ship is controlled during a voyage.
Fridge- a device used to condense waste steam into water.
Chronometer- a portable spring watch with very accurate movement.

Trunnions- tides in the swinging cage of the gun, with which, using insert pins, it is connected to the swivel (rotating part of the machine).
Rear sight- the moving part of the sight, guns, moves to the right and left to correct for the movement of the target, its own course and side wind.
High, medium and low pressure cylinders.- If on a ship the main piston engine has three steam cylinders and the steam passes successively through the first, second and third cylinders, then the machine is called triple expansion. The first Cylinder, where the steam from the boiler enters, is called the high pressure cylinder; the second - a medium pressure cylinder and the third - a low pressure cylinder. If the pressure cylinder turns out to be too large in diameter, then its volume is divided into two equal ones and two low-pressure cylinders are installed, so a triple expansion machine can have four cylinders.
Circulation- the curve along which the ship's center of gravity moves when the rudder is deflected.
Tank- special storage on ships for fresh water, oil, wine, etc.

Shvartov- a rope for attaching a vessel to a pier, to another vessel, etc.
Latitude- coordinate; together with longitude, it is used to determine the position of a point on the earth's surface. Latitude- the angle between the equatorial plane and a plumb line passing through a given point; measured from the equator to the poles ranging from 0 degrees to 90 degrees (north and south latitude).
Skantsy- part of the upper deck from the mainmast to the mizzenmast. On two-masted ships, the area of ​​the quarterdeck was determined by order from the naval department; in the royal fleet - the main place of honor on the ship.
Waist- part of the upper deck between the fore and main masts.
Squall- a sudden wind of greater or lesser force.
Stert- thin short cable end.
Hose- flexible pipe made of waterproof material or rubber; used for supplying liquid or gas under pressure.
Sloop- a small three-masted sailing ship with one open battery.
Boat- boat.
Davit- rotating iron beam. Davits are installed in pairs on board the ship to lift and lower boats.
Frame- rib of a ship's hull.
Spire- a special gate installed on ships for nursing the anchor rope, traction of the railings and other work.
Standard- flag of the head of state.
Calm- no wind.
Storm- on the Beaufort scale - a wind of 9 points, a speed of 18.3 - 21.5 meters per second, or approximately 45 nautical miles per hour.
Storm ladder- cable portable suspended ladder.
Steering wheel- a mechanical device with which the steering wheel is shifted.
Navigator- shipmaster, assistant commander for driving a ship at sea.
Sturtros- transmission from the steering wheel to the tiller.
Skerries- island shore; sea ​​coast, densely dotted with islands with narrow straits.

Evolution- a maneuver performed by ships in a line to change course, connect between ships, form into a different formation, etc.
Crew- ship crew; the same - the marine part on the shore.
Elevator- a lifting device for supplying shells and loading from the cellars to the guns.
Boathouse- a place where ships are built on the shore, created by a ramp.
Squadron- a formation of ships of various classes, subordinate to one commander and allocated for independent operations at sea.
Echelon- a detachment or small formation of ships of different classes.

cabin boy- young sailor, boy.
Utah- part of the upper deck at the stern of the ship.

Anchor place- a place convenient for mooring ships.
Yacht- any vessel, both steam and sailing, adapted for sea voyages.

Acrostole— decorative aft end.

Sternpost- a beam that makes up the rear end of the ship; the steering wheel is attached to it.

Tank- a superstructure in the bow of the deck, extending to the stem. The bow used to be called the bow part of the upper deck (in front of the foremast). Serves to protect the upper deck from flooding by oncoming waves, increase unsinkability, accommodate service spaces, etc. Tank also refers to the utensils used for the crew's meals on board the ship.

Backstays- standing rigging gear supporting spar trees, bocanks, davits, topmasts, chimneys, etc. from the sides.

Bakshtov- a cable extended over the stern of an anchored vessel to secure boats, boats and other small vessels.

Baluster- a chiseled rack that serves as a step at the storm ladder.

Jar- 1) a section of the bottom, the depth above which is noticeably less than the surrounding depths. 2) a board used for a seat on a boat.

Bannik- a wooden cylindrical block with a brush, driven onto a shaft. Serves to clean the gun channel from powder deposits.

Spire drum- a rotating part of the capstan, used for selecting an anchor chain or mooring cable.

Seizing- tying two cables with a thin cable or line. If it is made with a thick rope, it is called lashing.

Alcove- a wooden board suspended on a gorden and serving as a seat when lifting people onto masts, etc., as well as when lowering overboard.

Mizzen mast- the first mast from the stern of the ship.

Bitt- a wooden or metal stand on the deck of a ship for attaching cables.

Blocks- the simplest mechanisms used to lift heavy objects, as well as to change the direction of the cables when they are pulled.

Blind- a rectangular sail that was installed on the bowsprit.

Blokshiv- the hull of a disarmed ship, adapted for housing, storage of supplies, etc.

Board- side, side wall of a ship.

Boatswain- senior member of the ship's deck crew.

Boatswain's mate- senior non-commissioned officer in the navy.

Windlass— the machine for lifting the anchor, unlike the capstan, has a horizontal shaft.

Throwing end- a line that has at one end a canvas bag (weight) filled with sand and braided on top. Using the throwing end, mooring ropes are fed to the pier (or from the pier to the ship).

Yoke- a flat metal ring used for attaching rigging parts to spar trees.

Yoke with butts- a steel ring with bosses having holes, put on (stuffed) onto a mast or yard to strengthen it with guys or to connect the components (mast, yard).

Buyrep- a cable attached to an anchor and equipped with a wooden or metal float (buoy), which indicates the location of the anchor on the ground.

Bowsprit- a spar mounted on the bow of the ship in the center plane horizontally or at a certain angle to the horizontal plane. The standing rigging of the topmasts of the front mast, as well as the rigging of the oblique sails - jibs, is attached to the bowsprit.

Bull-proud- a piece of running rigging gear on a ship, with the help of which, when retracting the sails, the lower luff of the straight sail is pulled to the yard.

Waterline- the line of contact between the calm water surface and the hull of a floating vessel.

Verp- an auxiliary ship anchor of less mass than the main one, used to refloat a ship by transporting it on boats.

Anchor spindle- a massive rod, to the lower part of which the pora of the Admiralty anchor or retractable claws are attached.

Take the reefs- reduce the area of ​​the sail: rolling it up from the bottom and tying the rolled part with reef pins on the slanting and boat sails; picking up the sail up and grabbing it with reef lines to the rail on the yard line near the straight lines.

Displacement— weight of the ship in tons, i.e. the amount of water displaced by a floating vessel; characteristics of the vessel's dimensions.

Vyblenki- pieces of thin cable tied across the cables and acting as steps when climbing the cables to the masts and topmasts.

Vymbovka- wooden or metal lever.

Shot- a horizontal spar suspended underwater perpendicular to the side of the ship. The shot is intended for securing boats, as well as for boarding ship crew members into boats.

Huck- a steel hook attached to the end of cables and chains, used for lifting boats, cargo and for towing.

Biscuit- crackers made from rye or wheat flour, used on ships of the military sailing fleet in the absence of bread.

Tack— ship's course relative to the wind; if the wind blows to the starboard side, then the ship is said to be sailing on the starboard tack; if the wind is blowing to the left side, then on the port tack.

Gaff- a spar tree, suspended obliquely from the mast and resting against it from behind, to which some sails were tied.

Geek- a horizontal spar attached to the mast at a small height above the deck and with its free end facing the stern of the ship. The lower luff of the slanting pair is laced to the boom.

Gintsy- small hoists, the movable block of which is tied into some kind of tackle.

Gitovs- flying rigging gear used for cleaning straight sails and trysails. The clews of straight sails pull the clew angles of the sail towards the yard. Git trysails pull the sail towards the gaff and mast.

Gorden- tackle passing through a fixed single-pulley block.

Mainmast- the second mast from the bow of the ship. On ships with 4 or more masts, all masts between the foremast and mizzen mast were called the mainmast and were numbered from the bow of the ship.

Huysstock- a stand on which the guy is raised.

Dec- deck. The term is applied to those decks on which artillery is installed (two-deck battleship, three-deck). The deck was also the name given to the space between the two decks where the personnel were located.

Dirik-fal- running rigging gear used for lifting.

Trim- difference in depth between bow and stern; if the difference is towards the deepening by the stern, the ship is said to be trimmed to the stern; otherwise the ship is trimmed to the bow.

Doc- a pool dug in the ground and communicating on one side with the harbor. Used for repair, painting, and sometimes for ship construction.

Heaver- a tool for rigging and sailing work, which is a small cylindrical piece of wood with pointed ends. Used as a lever when ripping out ends.

Drifting— deviation of a moving vessel from its course under the influence of wind or current; drift of the vessel to the side when anchored.

Porthole- a glass window on a ship. It has a round or rectangular shape, blind or opening, with or without waterproof lids. Serves to provide light and air access to ship spaces.

Cable- a measure of length equal to one tenth of a nautical mile, i.e. 608 feet, or 185.3 m. The term cables, as a measure of length, appeared due to the fact that the cable on the ship was taken of a certain, identical length

Heeled- the thinnest component of plant rope, twisted from fibers of hemp, agave or other plants.

Cabotage- navigation from cape to cape, that is, coastal, performed using only navigational aids.

Kalyshka- a loop on the cable that is formed when it is excessively twisted.

Galley- kitchen on the ship.

Gunner- an ordinary gunner in the sailing fleet, sometimes this was the name given to the officer in command of the cannon deck.

Privateer- a private individual who, with the permission of the supreme power of a belligerent state, equips a ship at his own expense for the purpose of capturing enemy merchant ships, and in certain cases, neutral powers.

Privateer ship- in the XV-XIX centuries. a light armed seaworthy vessel of a private owner, equipped with the permission of the government of a belligerent state to fight against the maritime trade of the enemy and those neutral powers whose ships were engaged in delivering military contraband to the enemy. The owner of such a ship received a letter of marque and could raise the flag of the state he served on the ship.

Carronade- a short cast iron cannon.

Buckshot- a short-range artillery shell to destroy enemy personnel at a distance of up to 300 m. In the 10th-20th centuries. - a projectile consisting of a cylindrical body filled with round bullets. When fired, the bullets tore the body of the projectile and flew out of the gun barrel in a sheaf.

Cabin- a separate room on the ship for housing officers and passengers.

Wardroom- a dining room and resting place for the ship's command staff.

Quartermaster- junior non-commissioned officer in the navy. Responsible for supplying the ship and crew

Keel- the main longitudinal connection of the ship, located along its entire length in the lower part along the center plane. On wooden ships, the keel consists of a beam protruding outward, to which frames are attached; on metal, the keel is made of vertically placed sheets, fastened with strips of angle iron with sheets laid horizontally.

Keeling- tilting the vessel on its side so that the keel comes out of the water.

Brake— 1. A cone-shaped piece of hard wood inserted into the knot so that the latter does not tighten. 2, A small wooden block of cylindrical shape with a round groove (kip) in the middle. Used to connect flags to the halyards on which they are raised.

Kleten- a layer of skimushgar, a thin line or wire, placed around the cable, against its descent, using a half-fly.

Service- a special type of rigging work, which consists of the following: castor is placed on a trenched and tarred cable along the descent of the cable so that each hose overlaps the next one. Having thus covered the entire cable with castor and strengthened its ends, they begin to apply a cage (skimushgar, thin line or wire) around the cable, opposite its descent, using a half-mushkel.

Klotik- the end of the upper part of the mast

Hawse- hole in the side for the anchor chain.

Knipel- a projectile used to damage the spar and rigging of enemy sailing ships. Consisted of two nuclei or half-nuclei connected to each other by an iron rod or chain. Knipels were ineffective and quickly fell out of use.

Knop- a knot in the form of a thickening at the end of the cable to hold or secure its root end.

Peg- a type of knot for shortening gear or a loop on a cable made for some purpose.

Compass- (emphasis on a) the main nautical instrument, shows the direction of the cardinal points and the direction in which the ship is sailing. The principle of operation is based on the fact that the magnetized part of the needle always points to the north magnetic pole. The first compasses were made from a magnetized needle inserted into a piece of cork and floating in a container of liquid. Later, the design of the compass was changed several times until it acquired the following form: in a body made of non-magnetic metal or alloy (copper, brass, bronze), a magnetic needle was suspended on a needle, to which a round card was attached, divided into 32 points. Marine magnetic compasses still have this form today.

The end of the root- the conventional name for the end of the cable that is fixed or not used in work.

End of the chassis- the conventional name for the end of the cable to which the pull is applied, as well as the end of the cable directly used (moved) when tying a knot.

Stern- the rear end of the ship.

Koush- a metal ring that has a groove of appropriate thickness on its outer surface for the cable.

Coffee dowel- a wooden or metal rod with a handle at the upper end, inserted into the socket of a coffee strip for wrapping running rigging gear onto it.

Coffee strip- a wooden or metal beam with holes for dowel pins, attached horizontally to the deck at the masts and at the inside of the side.

Grommet- a ring made from strands of cable. Krengels replace slings, are embedded in the luffs of sails for tying in spruits, and are placed on topmasts under the topmast rigging.

Crinoline- a platform where rowers were located.

Crew camera- a powder magazine on a ship.

Cockpit— 1. Living quarters for the team. 2. The name of one of the decks of the sailing warship on which the crew lived.

Lag- a manual or mechanical device for measuring the speed of a ship.

Lightness— 1. A small bag woven from a cord, the size of a fist, filled with sand. Serves as a weight at the throwing end for its delivery. 2. In the merchant navy, this term refers to the throwing end.

Leer- a metal rod or tightly stretched vegetable or steel cable used for tying sails, tightening awnings, drying clothes, etc. Rails are also called ropes fixed to racks that replace the ship's bulwark, and ropes stretched to prevent people from falling overboard during a storm.

Linek- a short rope, as thick as a finger, with a knot at the end, for punishing sailors in the old navy.

Tench- a thin plant cable with a diameter from 3.8 to 11.2 millimeters, twisted from heels. Braided lines are used for signal halyards and laglines.

Liseli- additional sails in the form of trapezoids, which were placed on the outer sides of straight sails on foils.

Lot- a lead weight or simply a weight used to measure depth.

Lotlin- a special rope (line) on which a load (lot) is suspended to measure depth.

A sailing guide is a description of a sea body of water and a guide for navigation.

Pilot- a person who measures depths with a lot and therefore knows the character of the coast. Guides ships to ports, through canals, along skerries, and in other places where a good knowledge of the coast, passages, currents, fairways, etc. is required.

Eyelet- a round hole stitched with thread or trimmed with a copper ring in a sail, awning, etc.

Manila cable- a cable made from fiber from the leaves of the perennial herbaceous plant abaca - the spinning banana. Manila cable is 70% stronger than hemp cable and 25% lighter; it is not afraid of sea water. However, its fiber is less flexible than hemp and does not withstand as much resistance when knotted as hemp.

Brand- several cable hoses tightly placed one next to the other at the end of the cable to prevent. its unraveling.

Mars (mars site)- a platform on the top of a composite mast, attached to the long salings and spreaders. On sailing ships it serves as a spacer for shrouds and as a place for some work when setting and cleaning the sails. Rangefinders and small-caliber guns were installed on the tops of warships.

Matelote- the neighboring ship is in service. Can be front, rear, left or right.

Sailor- a person from the top crew on the ship.

Mast- vertical spar tree. Masts are used for installing sails, cargo booms, signaling and communication devices, for raising flag signals, etc.

nautical mile- a unit of length equal to 1852 meters.

Fathom- 6 feet (1.83 m).

Mortar— Large-caliber gun for mounted shooting; barrel length no more than 12 calibers.

Musing- a button made not at the end of the tackle, but in the middle.

Vessel set- frame, skeleton of the ship’s hull, consisting of longitudinal and transverse links.

Nog- wooden nail.

Binnacle- a box or scale on which a compass is mounted.

Knock- the end of a spar located horizontally or at some angle to the horizontal plane (boom, gaff, yard, etc.).

Butt- a bolt in which instead of a head there is a ring or a forging with an eye in its upper part.

Ogon- a ring of cable made at the end or in the middle. This ring is usually used to attach the tackle to a spar tree.

Octane- angular-reflective nautical instrument.

Braid- the end of a tackle braided in a special way to prevent it from unraveling. Usually, the ends of the entire running rigging are covered with braids; in addition, the braids cover the braids on the rigging and slings of the blocks, braid the lanyards, etc.

Gun crew (gun servants)- personnel servicing the artillery gun according to the combat schedule.

Guy- a cable attached to the toe of the cargo boom, with the help of which the cargo boom rotates around a vertical axis and is secured in the desired position.

Deck- horizontal tier of the ship. Starting from the top, they had the following purposes: quarter-deck - an open deck for steering the ship; opera deck - upper battery deck; midship deck - middle battery deck; orlopdeck - the deck of residential and service premises; hold - the lowest deck. There are other names for decks.

Hemp rope- vegetable rope made from hemp bast fibers.

Hawser- cable work cable, with a circumference of 4 to 6 inches (102 - 152 millimeters).

Perth— ropes fixed under the yards, on which people working on the yards stand.

Patch- a device for temporary repair of damage in the underwater part of the ship’s hull. It could be made from several layers of waterproof impregnated canvas or from several layers of boards with a canvas lining.

Forecastle- bow superstructure on the ship's forecastle.

Poop- an elevated part of the stern end of a ship or an additional deck above the poop.

Strand- the second thickest component of the cable, twisted from heels.

Plant rope- a cable made from plant fibers (hemp, abaca, agave, coconut, etc.)

Reef season- the end woven from shkimushka. One end of it has a point or button that holds it in the grommet of the sail. Serves for tying the sail when taking a reef.

Reef stairs- short cables tied into eyelets and used to reduce the sail area under high wind loads on small sailing ships.

Rumba- the direction from the center of the visible horizon to the points of its circumference. The entire horizon, like the map, is divided into 32 points. A rhumb also denotes the angle between two nearest whole rhumbs. In this sense, 8 points are equal to 90 degrees, and 1 point is equal to 11 degrees. Nowadays, we count not by points, but by degrees.

Tiller- part of the ship's steering gear. Transmits torque from the force created by the steering machine or manually.

Locker- box or chest; installed in the interior of the ship for storing personal belongings.

Rym— a metal ring for securing cables, blocks, stoppers, mooring ends, etc. Eyes are installed on the deck and on! bulwarks of ships, in the bow and stern ends of boats, as well as on piers and embankments.

Pile- an iron conical nail (sometimes curved) with a flat head. Serves for punching cable strands and other rigging work.

Whistles- a thin cable connecting the outer ends of the embankments inserted into the sockets of the spire. It is used to ensure that the embedments do not jump out of their places if the spire begins to rotate in the opposite direction. The whistles also serve to make it possible to place more people on the spire, since the latter can be rotated by the whistles with the same success as by the knockouts.

Sei-tali— hoists based between two-pulley and single-pulley blocks. They are used for tightening standing rigging and for lifting loads.

Slack cable- sagging, excess of loose tackle.

Tackle— cut-out cables used for hoisting (harvesting) sails and controlling them, as well as for rigging and other work.

Splice— cable connection at the break point: the place where the broken cable is fused.

Strandy— components of the cable from which cable cables are twisted. Strands are woven from strands, strands from heels, and heels are made from plant fibers or wire.

Strug- a Russian flat-bottomed sailing and rowing vessel used for transporting people and goods.

Fight- temporary attachment of the end of the cable to its middle using a line or skimushgar.

Rigging- the general name of all gear that generally constitutes the armament of a ship or the armament of a spar. The rigging that serves to hold the spar in the proper position is called standing, while the rest is called running.

Tali- a lifting device consisting of two blocks (movable and fixed), connected to each other by a cable, one end of which is fixedly fixed to one of the blocks.

Screw lanyard- a device for tightening standing rigging, steering rope, handrails, etc.

Timberovka— major repairs of a sailing vessel.

Beam- direction perpendicular to the ship's heading.

Transom— the lower part of the straight stern, formed by horizontal beams; on boats - a board that forms the stern, to which the outer skin is attached.

Ladder- stairs on a ship.

Gangway beam- a beam that looks like a low rotating sloop-beam, equipped with hoists. Serves to support the lower platform of the outboard ladder.

Cables- general name for rope products. Depending on the material, the cables are: steel, vegetable - from fibers of grass and plants (hemp, manila, sisal, coconut, etc.), combined (from steel wires and plant fibers), as well as from artificial fibers (nylon, nylon, perlon ). On warships, cables are used for standing and running rigging, for towing ends and moorings, in loading devices, in mine-trawl work, for securing objects on the ship, rigging work, etc.

Hold- the interior of a ship, located below the lowest deck.

Knot- a unit of speed equal to nautical miles per hour.

Duck- a turned wooden strip or casting, fixedly fixed and used for fastening thin cables, for example flag files, painters.

Flagpole- the top of the topmost topmast. The flag is raised on the flagpole. The stern flag is raised on the stern flagpole (stand at the end of the stern).

Fordun- standing rigging gear, which is the fastening of the topmasts. The lower ends of the forduns are attached to the sides of the ship, behind the shrouds.

Foremast- the first mast from the bow of the ship

stem- a beam that forms the front end of the vessel (a continuation of the keel in the bow).

Freight- a fee for the transportation of goods collected by shipowners.

Shvartov- a plant or steel cable with which the ship is secured at the pier (mooring cable).

Mooring- approach and securing a vessel using ropes (cables) to a pier, pier, wall or embankment, or to another vessel.

Mooring device- spiers, bollards, fairleads, bale strips, views, etc., designed to hold a vessel at the berth or at the side of another from the bottom.

Skantsy- the uppermost platform or deck at the stern of a sailing ship, where watch officers were located and compasses were installed. Later, the quarterdeck was the name given to the part of the upper deck of a warship between the main and mizzen masts. The quarterdeck was considered a place of honor on the ship: manifestos, orders, and sentences were read out there before the formation. It was forbidden for anyone except the commander (captain) of the ship and the flagship to sit and smoke on the quarterdeck.

Pendant- a short cable with a thimble or block, used for lifting boats or cargo.

Pendant with musings- a plant cable on which buttons are made every 30 - 40 centimeters. Used for climbing instead of ladders, for example into a boat standing under a gunshot.

Pendant ropes- short ropes, which with one of their ends are attached to the eyelets at the small bases of the bunk suspension, and with the other are connected at the rings with pins.

Pulley- a wheel made of metal or backout, mounted on an axle and having a groove (keep) for a cable along the outer cylindrical surface.

Shkimushgar- single-strand tench, twisted from beard hemp. Usually made from two or three heels.

Skipper- keeper of ship property and material supplies of a warship, captain of a commercial sailing vessel.

Sheet- tackle attached to the lower corner of the straight or lower rear corner of the oblique sail (clew angle) and carried towards the stern of the vessel. The sheets hold the luff of the sail in the desired position. Sheets are also called gear attached to the upper corners of the emergency patch.

Schlag- a loop of cable formed when it is carried around an object.

Frame- edge of a ship's frame. Wooden ships are made from trees that already have a natural curvature; on metal ones - from angles riveted to the casing.

Spire- a large gate with a vertical axis that serves to lift the anchor and remove the mooring lines.

Stays- standing rigging gear that supports vertical spar trees in the center plane - masts, topmasts, etc.

Števen- a strong beam at the bow and stern ends of the ship.

Stert- a short thin cable or line used for some auxiliary purposes.

storm ladder- a rope ladder with wooden steps, lowered along the outer side or suspended from a shot and used for climbing onto the ship.

Spring- a cable inserted into the anchor bracket or taken by the anchor - a chain, to hold the ship in a given direction for the most effective use of onboard artillery.

Navigator- captain's mate, navigation specialist.

Enter-drek- a small hand grapple anchor. When boarding, he threw himself at the enemy ship for a more reliable grip on it.

Utah- the aft part of the upper deck of a ship or the aft superstructure on a ship.

Jufers- a round wooden block without a pulley with three through holes. On ancient sailing ships, the deadeyes were tied into the lower ends of the shrouds.